Essay on School Violence - 919 Words

Social withdrawl, severe feeling of isolation, being bullied, uncontrolled anger. These are all warning signs of violence starting in schools. (Charlene Alexander) The United States is facing an outbreak of seriously violent crimes in middle schools and high schools across the country. (Mechthid Schaefer) Violence in schools really affects students learning and their learning habits. If a student is being picked on or bullied, that causes them to feel socially withdrawn. In turn, this leads to the student not wanting to be in school or not being able to concentrate on what matters the most, their future. Being picked on is a huge part of how school violence starts. But in reality, those are the things we should pay most attention to. For†¦show more content†¦Therefore, the government, school officials, and parents are still wondering what is the cause of this horrible violence, and how can they solve the problem. While students, parents, teachers and educational staff expec t schools to grant a safe and secure atmosphere for learning, a series of school shootings across the nation have occurred. It has happened in suburbs like Parkland and in rural towns once considered safe havens from big-city shootings. Schools are encountering gun violence for the first time, which has shattered this expectation of what is creating a safe environment for students. One situation, considered the most awful act of high school terror in United States history played out at Columbine High School. During that event, teenagers entered the high school and killed and injured many of the staff and students attending. While this case has received the most attention, it was not the first case. Every two days in the United States, we lose a classroom of children to some kind of violent related issue. () Reports by the U.S. Department of Justice and Education point out that more than eighty percent of public elementary and secondary schools report experiencing at least one violent incident, ranging from physical fights and bullying to rape and assault with a weapon. Shooting rampages have occurred across the United States rangingShow MoreRelatedSchool Violence And Schools Violence2781 Words   |  12 PagesSchool violence has become a topic that many people are engaged in a debate about. It is difficult to make a definitive definition of school violence, because there are so very many components to it. For one thing, we can be sure that school violence and bullying is something that only takes place amongst peers; this type of violence typically does not involve adults, and happens as a result of interactions from school or within the peer group. This part of the definition seems obvious. However,Read MoreSchool Violence2444 Words   |  10 PagesSchool Violence Victoria Griffin Fayetteville State University The Importance to Be Aware Of School Violence in Education Today By Victoria Griffin December 1, 2014 Abstract: The importance of knowing about school violence, the cause of school violence, forms of school violence and they ways teacher can prevent school violence was observed. A recent act of school violence is announced and the content of why it is important for teachers to be aware of school violence. School violenceRead MorePrevention of School Violence717 Words   |  3 Pages Violence is a major issue in educational institutes. Over the years, school violence has continued to increase at an alarming rate. â€Å"Every year, 3 million young people in the United States fall victim to crimes at school. Almost 2 million of these incidents involve violence† (â€Å"The Challenge of School Violence†). Violence in schools must be prevented. Teachers and parents play a significant role in a student’s life, and they need to take a full on approach on having a healthy relationship with eachRead MoreThe Problem Of School Violence886 Words   |  4 Pages The somewhat recent event of Sandy Hook has been a major focus of debate among any serious discussion about school violence in America. Yet, just since Columbine, there has been over 100 school shootings, not including stabbing, rape, or even fist fights (in which there was serious injury or death). Despite this unprecedented level of aggression among our nation’s youth, the nation, in its entirety, has not dedicated an appropriate amount of time and energy to coming up with a solution. The bulkRead MoreSchool Violence Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesPreventing school violence has been an issue in our society for so long it has almost become commonplace. According to an article on www.infoplease.com, since the year 2000, there have been a recorded 64 shooting related incidents that involved publicly occupied areas. That is an occurrence of almost five per year. Of those 64, 94% of these incidents were school related shootings. The violence goes from elementary schools all the way up to college universities. The statistics are not pretty by anyRead MoreSchool Violence1125 Words   |  5 PagesFinding a Solution to School Violence Anita Lopez Kaplan University CM-220 School is a place where children should go to learn, educate themselves, make lifelong friends and most importantly they should feel safe. The violence in schools has increased over the years and many schools aren’t sure how to handle this growing problem in an appropriate manner. School violence may come in various forms and some of the most common forms of school violence include physical abuses, bullying, brawlRead MoreSchool Violence2187 Words   |  9 PagesSchool Violence Violence in schools has spread widely throughout the nation. School violence is a big problem we are facing now. This has caused many problems among students, families’ faculty of schools and residents of the community. School violence includes gang activity, locker thefts, bullying and intimidation, gun use, assault, and drugs. In my paper I will discuss the reasons why violence in schools exists, describeRead MoreThe Violence Of Public Schools871 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent times, several mass shootings have occurred in several places. Sadly, public schools in America have been venues for these mass shootings. How do we reduce these shootings? How do we ensure that the lives of our kids are safe? These are the questions parents all over America are asking. A lot of suggestions have been made to the government concerning the issue of mass shootings. Some say government have to ban the purchase of guns, others say there should be background checks, while othersRead M oreEssay on School Violence837 Words   |  4 Pagesclassmates and one teacher. School violence changes our youths morals. From bullying to peer pressure, youth are exposed to school violence everyday. What is school violence? School violence varies from accounts of â€Å"death, homicide, suicide, weapon related violence, in the US.† (c1) School violence can occur to and from school, while attending a school sponsored event, on a bus, or at an activity. Violence in school goes back to the 1800s’. The first publicly funded schools for delinquents was builtRead More Essay on Gender and School Violence1060 Words   |  5 Pagesmost recent acts of violence by children have prompted us as a nation to look at the causes and possible solutions to this crisis in our schools. In fact, according to Public Agenda, a national organization that conducts public opinion research on educational issues, school safety was identified as the most important issue affecting schools by those surveyed (Johnson Immerwahr, 1994/1995). Yet school violence does not exist in a vacuum. It is directly related to the violence in our society. And

Verbal Communication Nonverbal Communication - 905 Words

Business communication is a skill not everyone has; it is however something that can be learned. Many people think of only verbal skills when working on their business communication; however some forget how nonverbal cues can affect a message. Nonverbal communication can make or break a business conversation. If a potential partner interprets nonverbal communication conveying a different message than the verbal does it can lead to complications when trying to close an opportunity. As the world has become more connected, the importance of knowing different culture’s interpretations of nonverbal cues has become more important than ever. Since 1950, the world trade has grown more than twenty-seven fold in volume terms (Expansion of International Trade section, para. 1). Technological advances have provided easier access to new markets and manpower which has changed the face of business as we know it. It is more important than ever to be aware of how nonverbal communication is re ceived by others because nonverbal in order to be successful in business; nonverbal communication is just as important as verbal communication. The Importance of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication is something that most people take for granted. There are many different ways people can agree or disagree to a statement by changing a facial expression or moving their head. Being a good communicator is not only about words; it is about how you look or move while you speak. Having anShow MoreRelatedVerbal Communication : Verbal And Nonverbal Communication1274 Words   |  6 Pagesprepared *Feedback given *Communication needed *Message understood *Message interpreted *Message sent * Message receive For a good communication we need to have the following: ââ€"  sender – the person who start a conversation ââ€"  message – what another person involved in communication will received ââ€"  medium –the way we can communicate by using for example the phone, computer, erc. ââ€"  collector – the person who can collect the message and send it to people involved in communication ââ€"  understanding – theRead MoreVerbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication831 Words   |  4 Pagesnot? 2. How has the use of the Internet and text messaging affected the verbal communication and nonverbal communication exchanged in relationships? 3. Describe a time when you or someone else used nonverbal gestures which made you or others feel uncomfortable. 4. Often cited research by Professor Albert Mehrabian (Links to an external site.) says that only 7% of feelings and attitudes are delivered in words (verbal communication); 38% of feelings and attitudes are paralinguistic (tone of voice/volume/pace/vocalRead MoreVerbal Communication : Nonverbal Communication1428 Words   |  6 Pages The real communication is just based on the words we communicate with each other to deliver our messages and intentions. However, after taking this class it is quite clear to me that communication is not just verbal communication but nonverbal as well. After taking this course, I have become able to understand the nonverbal aspects in each and every communication, I use to encounter with or actions I use to see or experience. This course lets me understood that nonverbal communication covers severalRead MoreVerbal And Nonverbal Communication And Communication941 Words   |  4 Pagesthing. For example, if someone is feeling mad, they might be more harsh when they say things rather than more careful wording when someone is feeling sympathetic for someone else. These two different aspects that add into communication within one another are known as verbal and nonverbal symbols. In the show, Law and Order: Special Victim Unit, there is a specific scene with two detectives that show this. There is a serial rapist who was finally caught after six years of looking for him. In order forRead MoreNonverbal Verbal And Verbal Communication957 Words   |  4 PagesI have learned a lot about communication. I learned how significant nonverbal and verbal communication is, along with listening. I never fully understood how big communication is in our daily lives. I now realize that it is a huge aspect of how we continue in our lives. This course has showed me different levels of communication. Nonverbal communication is behaviors and characteristics that convey meaning with out the use of words. Sometimes accompanying verbal messages, to clarify or reinforceRead MoreVerbal Communication And Nonverbal Communication1235 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is a natural thing that we as human beings do every day whether we speak or not. There is two different types’ verbal communication and nonverbal communication. Verbal communication is when we communicate using words exchange in the form of speech in writing or oral. Nonverbal communication does not use words for exchange a message. We use body language, facial expressions, sign language, and eye contact among a few things (Adler, Elmhorst, Lucas, 2013). Read MoreVerbal and Nonverbal Communication1472 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch done on verbal and nonverbal communication. First, we need to know what verbal and nonverbal communication is. Nonverbal communication is the way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words. Nonverbal communication uses nonverbal cues including facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position, movement, the use of touch, and gaze (Aronson, Wilson, Akert, 2013). Verbal communication is what a person actually says. This communication relies on the wordsRead MoreVerbal and Nonverbal Communication11225 Words   |  45 Pages Verbal and Nonverbal Communication When we are attempting to transfer our meaning to another person, we use three different modes, methods, or channels to carry our intentions. We use these modes to tell people who we are, how we experience the world, and the meaning we attach to our experience. We communicate verbally and nonverbally, and often with mixed signals or noise. When two persons, A and B, are attempting to communicate with each other, their communication is distorted by their personalitiesRead MoreNonverbal Communication : Non Verbal Communication890 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature Review According to some psychologists, non-verbal communication varies based on a person’s cultural background, more so in the individualism-collectivism dimension. Additionally, studies have indicated that intercultural diversities in how verbal communications are observed can be traced to differences in facial signs that individuals from West and East look for when detecting emotions (Serlin, Berger Bar-Sinai, 2007). Therefore, people from distinctive cultures are expected to beRead MoreNonverbal Communication And Non Verbal Communication1682 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Non-verbal communication is especially significant in intercultural situations† (Businesscom, 2015). In a business setting duties performed are the main reasons for an employees success, though studies and reports show that nonverbal communications can hinder or excel an employees relationships. Ultimately, nonverbal communications can benefit a business. With the communication of nonverbal there are many f orms that help to read body language and true feelings including: adapters, a body movement

Jeannie Brown and Invasive Group A Streptococcus Essay Example For Students

Jeannie Brown and Invasive Group A Streptococcus Essay our everyday lives bacteria is constantly surrounding us, some of the bacterium that we encounter are beneficial to us but then there are the ones that are severely detrimental to our health. The way that they effect a persons body can differ from person to person. Many of the microscopic foes are very resilient and have a very fast reproduction rate. Not only do they reproduce quickly they sometimes seem to outsmart our immune system and not allow our bodies to fight the infection making it almost impossible to stop them. One thing that a lot if people rely on is the assistance of prescription drugs to get them better but even the drugs are not being effective and we cant stop the pathogens from invading our personal places such as work, home, school, or anywhere. Even though modern medicine is advancing the pathogens could still get the get the best of us. The scary thing is we never know when the next pandemic or epidemic is going to arise. All it needs is some ordinary microbe to swap genes with a deadly germ to produce a super pathogen and it could happen to anyone, anywhere, as it did to Jeannie Brown who is from our neck of the woods. Jeannie Brown was a hard working thirty- two year old woman from Canton North Carolina. She worked two jobs to make ends meet at home for her and her ten year old son. Jeannie was insecure about her recent weight gain and that caused her to get sucked into depression. Not only was she stressed and depressed she also had high blood pressure which she was taking medication for. Jeannie needed a break and she decided that she was going to take one and go to Myrtle Beach with one of her friends for a relaxing three day weekend. After they got settled in at the beach Jeannie changed into her bathing suit and it was then when she noticed an unfamiliar feeling in her neck and behind her left ear. She also said that she felt as if there was a knot in her neck. Jeannie then asked her friend if she noticed anything different. There were no visible signs that would make them come to the conclusion that anything significant was wrong with her. Not overreacting to the situation they came to the c onclusion that Jeannie had probably slept funny the night before, so they continued with there day relaxing on the beach. When Jeannie woke up the next day the pain had not ceased it had become worst. The knot moved to her shoulder and she felt discomfort and pain all over her body. She decided to leave the beach so that she could go home and get some rest and her complaining wouldnt affect the rest of the peoples short vacation. The long drive back from the beach only made her feel worst. She was unaware of what was wrong with her but she hoped that it would just go away. But it did just the opposite of that, when she woke up the next morning her shoulder was swollen, reddish purple all over. She did not want to call the doctor because she could not afford it but she did anyways. When she went to the doctor he told her that she probably pulled a muscle. Not long after this she began vomiting and her shoulder was having spasms. Jeannie still feeling horrible attempted to drive to work, pulling over on the side of the road several times so that she could vomit. When she arrived at her work she looked motionless, drenched and pasty. Her co-workers convinced her to see the doctor again and this time she diagnosed her withdeep sunburn and he gave her an anti-inflammatory to reduce to swelling. The following day the pain she was experiencing was very sever and she was continuing to vomit, she thought she was dying so she called a friend who came over. Jeannie was now very short of breath, her eyes were glassy, a rusty-brown colored blood was spewing from her mouth, her chest was black, her stomach, back and thighs were purple,

Tackling transportation problems around the world free essay sample

Electric vehicles have been around for quite a while most prominently the late 90’s with General Motors (GM) EV1 trials though it didn’t have the intended results and marketability, so it was eventually dropped. The intro goes here. Electric vehicles (EV) have come a long way in the last decade to become cleaner vehicles even before they come off the assembly line. With that in mind EV on average produce, more carbon emissions than their counterpart internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) â€Å"global warming emissions at this early stage usually exceed those of conventional vehicles. † (Nealer, Reichmuth, and Anair) And that is true for electric vehicles as recent as 2010 even with that when you’re looking at the outside that could be one point to not consider electric vehicles to not be quite what they’re sold at as a clean vehicle to better counter carbon emissions as well as global warming to the general consumer. We will write a custom essay sample on Tackling transportation problems around the world or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Until you bring the point â€Å"the greenhouse gas emissions from every aspect of auto manufacturing and operations and found that electric vehicles beat their gasoline counterparts in every region of the U.S.† (Hirsch) and that’s only from 2015 and still getting better to this day. With that in mind, it’s obvious to any consumer that with the uphill battle that electric vehicles had in early makes in manufacturing that they have come a long way as well as getting better every year.Electric vehicles also in being from as stated above are now more environmentally friendly they also have higher efficiency with their electric motors compared to an ICEV and with a big margin separating the two it looks like EV are taking the lead and ICEV are lagging and may never catch up. With an example â€Å"putting out the pollution of a gas vehicle that gets 135 mpg† (Hirsch) at their best and â€Å"the equivalent of a 35 to 36 mpg car† (Hirsch) at their worse wh ich takes into account the terrain as well as where the power comes from that create the energy that the EV use for propulsion. Which brings up another good point that is used to disused people from purchasing and using electric cars. Where does the energy come from that goes into electric vehicles? â€Å"Coal was responsible for a majority of electricity generation at the start of the century.† (Muyskens, Keating, and Granados) But coal has been steadily falling ever since and has been lapsed â€Å"Natural gas-powered 34 percent of the countrys electricity last year, passing coal as well as nuclear.† (Muyskens, Keating, and Granados) Which is a better alternative to coal as a power source as well as nuclear which creates no carbon emissions? As well there have been forward movements to implements more renewable energy producers of power threw out the United States.

French Speaking Countries Essays - Monaco, Principalities

French Speaking Countries Name of country / Nom de pays: Islamic Republic of Mauritania / La republique de Mauritanie Capital City / le Capitale: Nouakchott Monetary Unit / Monnaie: Ouguiya Population / Population: 2,667,859 (July 2000 est.) Current head of State / Celui qui est gerant: President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA Attraction / Attraction: Name of country / Nom de pays: Principality of Monaco / Principaute de Monaco Capital City / le Capitale: Monaco Monetary Unit / Monnaie: French franc Population / Population: 31,693 (July 2000 est.) Current head of State / Celui qui est gerant: Prince RAINIER III Attraction / Attraction: Name of country / Nom de pays: Republic of Niger / Republique du Niger Capital City / le Capitale: Niamey Monetary Unit / Monnaie: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc Population / Population: 10,075,511 (July 2000 est.) Current head of State / Celui qui est gerant: President Mamadou TANDJA Attraction / Attraction: Name of country / Nom de pays: Canada Note: Quebec is the only French speaking province in Canada Capital City / le Capitale: Ottawa Monetary Unit / Monnaie: Canadian dollar Population / Population: 31,281,092 (July 2000 est.) Current head of State / Celui qui est gerant: Queen ELIZABETH II Attraction / Attraction: Name of country / Nom de pays: Rwandese Republic / Le Ruanda Capital City / le Capitale: Kigali Monetary Unit / Monnaie: Rwandan franc Population / Population: 7,229,129 Current head of State / Celui qui est gerant: President Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME Attraction / Attraction: Economics Essays

Greek Achievement essays

Greek Achievement essays When discussing ancient civilizations, one of the most prominent has to be the Greek civilization. Under the rule of various rulers, Greece saw a change from a pagan worshiping society that was almost abolished, to an enduring civilization that strived on philosophy, and intellectual thought. As the Greeks dispensed the gods in political life, they based government on human intelligence. The evolution of the Greek polis, or city-state, from a tribal-religious institution to a secular rational institution, that is regarded as one of the greatest in the history of mankind, was only a part of the general transition of the Greek mind from myth to reason. What separated the Greeks from other Near Eastern civilizations, as well as gave it enduring significance, was the Greeks gradual realization that political problems are caused by man and require earthly solutions. The Greeks also had a strong belief in their system of the city-state but it eventually would contribute to their demise. These city-states allowed for much separation within their political life, and thus was the cause for much suffering. Greece would endure two major wars, which would shape their civilization, and have a lasting effect. First was the Persian Wars with Sparta. Because Sparta was a walled city, and couldnt compete with the Athenian culture, Athens eventually triumphed. One of the most fascinating contrasts in this war is how different the two city-states could be. Athens was located on the peninsula of Attica, near the coast, possessed a great navy, and was a commercial leader for the Greeks. Sparta was a land power and was exclusively agricultur al. Spartas leaders pursued an isolationist foreign policy, and believed in keeping their freedom on the homeland. The Athenians had such things as democracy, and extended their hegemony over the Greeks. Unfortunately, after the long battles between Athens and Sparta were finally laid ...

The style of mini skirt in 1960s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The style of mini skirt in 1960s - Essay Example Historically, miniskirts have existed since the onset of civilization. However, they have aroused cultural implication and powerful political connotations in recent years. The origin and sustenance of miniskirts have a deep historical context. This article explores various historical contexts of miniskirts as determined by culture, designer, artist, materiality, and model. Miniskirt strongly communicates the breaking loose from cultural strains that bound the young people to older dress codes. Just like the young generations in 1960s, the modern day youths are driven by the need to be different. Placing things into perspective, miniskirts are among the changes that reflect cultural expression. The cultural context of miniskirts can be understood in three significant perspectives. One is that the world is changing rapidly. In this instance, the adoption of miniskirts can be attributed to some of the changes the world was undergoing at the time. For instance, the television sets were being invented, the cameras were being introduced and diversified functions of computers were being implanted among other changes.2 The Cultural context of miniskirts is also marked by aspects many aspects such as attitude changes to existing fashion. Lifestyles and technological advancements significantly shape the behavior and attitude of many young people. Civil rights, the rights of women and concerns over environment were shaping the minds of various young people. The last dimension of the cultural context of miniskirts is the new cultural expressions. The youths had much money to spend than ever before. Many economies had grown particularly in the stability of the aftermath of WWII. They probably spent a lot of the money they had on clothes. Furthermore, during the time, there were several boutiques, which changed their merchandise often. All those

Preparing and Electronic Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Preparing and Electronic Portfolio - Essay Example They include; 1. Definition of portfolio context and goals-this is the step whereby the purpose of the portfolio is defined. It’s important to ask oneself what is it that you are trying to show with this portfolio. For instance are there any goals, outcomes or standards that are being exhibited using this portfolio? You will realize that you are prepared for the following stage when; firstly, you have been able to identify the purpose as well as the primary addressees for your portfolio. And secondly when you have identified the standards or objectives that you will be utilizing in organizing your portfolio. And finally, you have been able to select the development software you will be making use of as well as completed the initial stage using that specific tool. 2. Classification/Collection –Some of the questions one needs to ask here include; what type of artifacts will be included in the portfolio and how are such entries going to be classified? This stage therefore involves identification of various portfolio items which may be determined by assessment context as well as the kind of evidence that is to be collected. Selection of the most suitable software development tools for the portfolio context together with available resources. This stage also involves identification of the storage together with presentation medium most suitable for the given situation. 3. Reflection-Reflection generally is the soul and heart of any portfolio. It provides the basis for why these artifacts symbolize attainment of a specific result, objective or standard. The excellence of the learning that comes out of the process of portfolio development will be directly proportional to the excellence of the self-reflection put on the work. 4. Interaction/connection/feedback/dialogue-this is the step that offers an opportunity for not only interaction but also feedback on the kind of work placed in the portfolio. Apparently, this is

Discuss three examples how HIPAA is taught, practiced, and enforced in Research Paper

Discuss three examples how HIPAA is taught, practiced, and enforced in a health care organization. What is HIPAA and why it shou - Research Paper Example It was also designed to prevent employers from hiring persons due to medical conditions that may affect the cost of their job-related group insurance. Under its rules, there is a six month limit for denying coverage for preexisting conditions under employee provided health plans. Specifically, unless an employee has received diagnosis or treatment for a pre-existent condition within six months prior to being hired then they cannot be denied coverage for the issue (http://www.dol.gov/ebsa/faqs/faq_consumer_hipaa.html). A secondary purpose of HIPAA is to protect patient confidentiality. It regulates who can access medical records, the reasons they may do so, and the proper they follow. In most cases, it forbids individuals or organizations from looking at a person’s records without their permission. HIPAA must be followed for ethical as well as legal reasons. Because of its importance, a wide variety of health care and insurance professionals must be trained in HIPAA compliance. Training is offered in several formats, including online. The website http://www.ehipaatraining.com/ offers Internet-based classes on the subject. The Department of Health and Human Services offers similar resources on the web page, www.hhs.gov.

Criminology Essays Left Realism Critique

Criminology Essays Left Realism Critique Left Realism Critique. Left realism emerged as an influential theory during the 1980s. Its drive was partly dissatisfaction with the dominant criminological perspectives of the time and partially attributable to the prevailing political climate. This essay will outline the emergence of left realism as a means of explaining its main principles. The discussion will also engage with the criticisms of left realism and identify the criminological perspectives with which it conflicts. An understanding of left realism cannot be gained without an awareness of the prevailing intellectual, ideological and political context that surrounded its emergence. Therefore, it is important to appreciate the background from which left realism emerged. In the period immediately preceding the genesis of left realism, the most prevalent and influential criminological perspectives were based largely upon Marxist theories based upon notions of utopianism that were increasingly coming to be viewed as irrelevant in light of the political ethos of Margaret Thatchers Britain (Jones: 2001, 245). In particular, left realists were extremely critical of the way that radical criminological theories presented a characterisation of criminals as political catalysts against bourgeois hegemony and therefore to attempt to explain criminal behaviour in terms of it being a revolution against the injustices imposed upon the majority of the population by the ruling classes (Moore, 1991). Radical criminological theory saw crime as a consequence of (real or imagined) economic deprivation and under-privilege. Left realists were opposed to this view which allocated responsibility for crime to the State, which was seen as an instrument of the ruling class designed to consolidate the position of the powerful and promote the interests of the rich and powerful, rather than with the individual offender. Left realists also objected to the characterisation of the offender as the victim of the labelling process; a view which was popular with symbolic interactionists who were providing a popular alternative voice to the radical criminologists during the late 1970s and early 1980s: For over two decades [criminology] has neglected the effect of crime upon the victim and concentrated on the impact of the of the state through the process of labelling on the criminalIt became an advocate for the indefensible: the criminal became the victim, the state the solitary focus of attention, while the real victim remained off-stage (Matthews and Young, 1986: iv). The rejection by left realists of these constructions of the offender demonstrated one of their central beliefs which was that the offender should be not be absolved of responsibility for his actions and that it was not appropriate to cast blame on either the institutional or structural nature of society as was the tendency of the radical and interactionist schools of criminological thought. Rather than concur with this characterisation, left realists saw criminals as well-socialised individuals who exercised conscious and rational choice in deciding to offend and who saw crime as a way of resolving their particular problems. For left realists, the problems that offenders were trying to solve came from the capitalist ideology that was predominant in 1980s society. Left realists saw this capitalism as producing egalitarian notions such as that of political equality and the deterioration of views that each individual had an immutable place in the social hierarchy that was pre-determine d at birth. With these views came feelings of deprivation amongst those who were not possessed of material wealth but who were desirous of the benefits that were enjoyed by other members of society. Left realists felt that these individuals would see criminal enterprise as a way of rectifying this perceived inequality and securing their access to the commodities of capitalist society which they craved (Hopkins Burke, 2005: 220). In this respect, left realism could be seen as promoting a return to traditional Marxist views whereby crime was seen as an individual response (by the offender) to structural inequalities created by those in power in society which actually was a counter-active diversion away from the real problems of the causes of these inequalities that could only be solved by political change. Left realism rejected the post-Marxist radical theories that characterised crime as a revolutionary endeavour. In their seminal work, Lea and Young (1984) depicted criminal behaviour as almost an amplification of capitalist normalcy. In other words, the dominant view in the 1980s was that of capitalistic self-advancement in which individual endeavours were rewarded with material gain. Lea and Young asserted that a significant percentage of criminals shared these beliefs and replicated what had become conventional social values based upon the value of individual (and self-interested) effort in a society based upon competition and motivated by material success. However, criminals did not channel their energy into legitimate pursuits such as the endeavour for advancement in employment or entrepreneurial success, preferring instead to pursue socially acceptable goals through illegitimate avenues (criminal activity). As such, left realism viewed crime as the expression of capitalist values but though non-conventional means. In one respect, left realists agree with radical theorists in that it is common ground that crime is a reaction to an unjust society (Lea and Young, 1984: 45). However, there is also disagreement in that, unlike radical criminologists, left realists do not believe that the criminal should not be blamed for responding by engaging in offending behaviour: Crime is one form of egoistic response to deprivation. Its roots are in justice but its growth often perpetrates injustice (Lea and Young, 1984: 72) This notion of crime as the illegitimate manifestation of capitalist values is one of the central principles of left realism. However, although crime is seen as a self-interested and individual enterprise, left realists also believe that crime is a group response rather than an individual decision. They believe that crime is an inevitable consequence of a social situation in which a particular group feels that it is subject to disadvantage such as in a situation whereby there is a common ideological drive to measure success in material goods but there exist barriers to the attainment of these goals for some members of society. In such a situation, particularly if there appears to be no way of circumventing the obstacles, crime is certain to result. One of the key criticisms that has been levelled against left realist explanations of crime and criminality is that its focus on economic deprivation explains only economic crime but does nothing to account for the other manifestations of offending behaviour that are prevalent in society. Left realism is prepared to counter this criticism by drawing upon strain theory (Merton, 1968) to explain how the exclusion from legitimate economic opportunity may result in financial crime to rectify the situation or violent crime as a vent for frustration at the denial of a seemingly equitable access to benefits and resources. This actually consolidates one of the key principles of left realism in that reliance is placed upon subculture theories to support the argument of left realism that those who are excluded from the benefits of mainstream society develop their own cultures, norms and principles and operate within these. Inevitably, for those excluded from legitimate avenues of enterprise, t his involves criminal behaviour (Young, 1975). One of the central principles of left realism was a conceptualisation of crime that did not take an offender-centred view. Young proposed a square of crime in which the four key components were the offender, the victim, the agencies of formal control (such as the police) and the agencies of informal control (such as other members of society). This was an important tenet of left realism because it challenged a major paradox within radical theories; that of the powerless working-class criminal driven to offending behaviour as a result of the oppression of the privileged classes. Lea and Young examined official crime statistics and victim report surveys (such as the British Crime Survey) and concluded that although members of the working class appear to commit a disproportionate amount of crime, they often target the other members of the working class as their victims. Left realism addressed the issue of the ordinary victim of crime and thus changed the emphasis within criminological th eory and, gradually, within the practices of the criminal justice system. In particular, the square of crime ensured that crime prevention strategies were evolved which took account of the contributions of each of the four factors: To control crime from a realist perspective involves intervention at each part of the square of crime: at the level of the factors which give rise to the putative offender (such as structural unemployment), the informal system (such as lack of public mobilisation), the victim (such as inadequate target hardening) and the formal system (such as ineffective policing) (Young, 1986: 41). This emphasises one of the main principles of left realism; the belief in a joined up approach to tackling the problems of crime. However, this multi-causal approach that takes account of a variety of factors in explaining criminality could be accused of borrowing from a range of sociological explanations of crime, such as strain and control theories, and amalgamating selected aspects of these and giving them a Marxist slant. It seems reasonable to state that there is nothing particularly new in left realism; it is a pragmatic restatement of a number of established criminological principles taken from a particular ideological perspective (Downes and Rock, 2003: 292). However, left realism did become influential in raising awareness of the plight of victims of crime thus negating their invisibility and overcoming their marginalisation. Lea and Youngs studies showed that official statistics gave an incomplete picture of the extent of victimisation and therefore presented an inaccurate impression of the nature and extent of criminal activity. For Lea and Young, victim studies gave a fair more comprehensive and accurate account of victimisation, firstly because they included information about crimes which had occurred but which victims may not have reported to the police and, secondly, because they were capable of analysis on the basis of geographic location thus giving a true impression of the localised nature of much criminal behaviour. One of the other most notable contributions of left realism to criminological theory that emerged from victim surveys is the recognition of fear of crime as a significant social problem that is just as in need of re solution as actual crime . By acknowledging the existence of victims of crime, left realists gave voice to notions of pre-emptive strategies to counteract attempts at criminal behaviour: The organisation of communities in an attempt to pre-empt crime is of the utmost importance (Lea and Young, 1984: 267). This emphasis on the community and its role and importance in combating crime typifies the principles of cohesion and inclusion that characterises left realism. At its core, left realism is seeking for realistic strategies that will have a quantifiable impact upon crime (and fear of crime) within communities, especially amongst the poor and disadvantaged who are the most frequent victims of crime. This has been said to be a central component of contemporary left realism (Matthews and Young, 1992: 2). Notwithstanding this emphasis on the prevention of crime, it is a fundamental principle of left realism that the attainment of justice is more important than controlling crime. As such, the police play a key role in maintaining social control by establishing, maintaining and nurturing good community relations so as not to alienate the populace to whom they should be fully accountable (Kinsey, Lea and Young, 1986). Many of the criticisms levelled against left realists were voiced by the radical theorists of whom the left realists themselves were so critical. For example, Lea and Young criticised radical theorists for their excessive concentration of corporate crime and their marginalisation of real crime that affects ordinary people even though they accept that corporate crime is worse than working-class crime. Radical theorists counter by questioning why Lea and Young are prepared to view working-class crime as more serious merely because it is what ordinary people fear. Surely, it is argued, the actuality of crime is more potent and more serious than the fear of falling victim to a crime that may never occur. Left realists have no effective rejoinder for this criticism, other than to draw attention to the way in which fear of crime can have a real and negative impact upon ordinary members of society, by preventing them from going about their ordinary business, for example, or avoiding particu lar activities or places (Young, 1999). The multi-causal approach of left realism can also be criticised for failing to explain all forms of criminal behaviour. Feminist criminological theorists have also been critical of left realism in its tackling both of female criminal behaviour and of its failure to explain crimes that are traditionally seen as targeting women, such as rape. Just as it could be criticised for failing to provide an adequate explanation of different types of criminal behaviour, left realism can be accused of an overly one-dimensional focus on young, male, working-class criminal behaviour to the detriment of offenders from other socio-demographic backgrounds. Female criminality is largely unaddressed and, moreover, exposes a central weakness in one of the key principles of left realism; the reliance on relative deprivation as an explanation of criminal behaviour. For example, Lea and Young assert that crime results from the exclusion of a particular group from legitimate opportunities for success and material gain. In light of this, it would be expected that female criminality, which was always extremely low, would decrea se even further as women gained greater equality in the workplace as this would ensure that they were less excluded from legitimate avenues of success. However, the converse proved to be true and the greater prominence of women in the workplace was mirrored by a growth in female offending; an outcome that is directly contrary to the explanation of criminal behaviour propounded by left realists (Smart, 1989). Equally, it is difficult to see how left realism can explain sexual crimes against women unless this falls within the same category as violent crimes that are the result of frustration following a failure to achieve legitimate success. This seems an extremely tenuous argument for such complex crimes and, in any case, left realists have tended not to engage with the issue of rape to any great degree thus the explanation remains speculative (Heidensohn, 1985). Overall, it is clear that the emergence of left realism was both a product of the prevailing political climate and a strong influence on the social and political development of more cohesive approaches to crime control and prevention that drew together a range of players in the criminal justice process rather than focusing exclusively on the offender. As a theoretical perspective, it expanded the focus of criminological enquiry and moved beyond the dominant ideology of the 1970s and early 1980s. As such, its contribution to criminological debate cannot be under-estimated. However, it can be criticised as a rather narrowly-focussed theory that fails to provide an adequate explanation of the full gamut of criminal behaviour. It has, however, provided a building block upon which other theories can build a broader and more wide-ranging explanation of criminality. Bibliography Downes, P. and Rock, P., (2003) Understanding Deviance, 4th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press Heidensohn, F., (1985) Women and Crime, London: Routledge Hopkins Burke, R., (2005) An Introduction to Criminological Theory, Cullompton: Willan Jones, S., (2001) Criminology, 2nd ed., London: Butterworths Kinsey, R., Lea, J. and Young, J., (1986) Losing the Fight Against Crime, Oxford: Blackwell Press Lea, J. and Young, J., (1984) What is to be Done About Law and Order, Harmondsworth: Penguin Press Matthews, R. and Young, J., (1992) Issues in Realist Criminology, London: Sage Publications Merton, R., (1968) Social Theory and Social Structure, New York: Free Press Moore, S., (1991) Investigating Crime and Deviance, London: Collins Educational Publishers Smart, C., (1989) Feminism and the Power of the Law, London: Routledge Young, J., Left Realism and the Priorities of Crime Control in Stenson, K. and Cowell, D., (eds.) (1999) The Politics of Crime Control, London: Sage Publishing Young, J., Ten Points of Realism in Matthews, R. and Young, J., (1986) Issues in Realist Criminology, London: Sage Publications Young, J., Working Class Criminology in Taylor, I., Walton, P. and Young, J., (eds.) (1975) Critical Criminology, London: Routledge

Solutions, Dilutions and molarity calculations

Why is a conical flask, rather than a beaker, used in the experiment? – To allow easy mixing of solutions by swirling. 2. Why is the funnel removed from the burette after adding the acid solution? – so that the drops from the funnel will not fall into the burette. 3. In using a burette, why is it important to (a) rinse it with a little of the solution it is going to contain? – to remove any residual water and so avoid dilution of the acid solution when it is poured into the burette. (b) to clamp it vertically? – to enable the liquid level to be read correctly. ) to have the part below the tap full? – to ensure that the actual volume of liquid delivered into the flask is read correctly. 4. Give one reason for carrying out the following procedures during the titration. (i) The sides of the conical flask were washed down with deionised water? – To ensure that all of the acid added from the burette can react with the base. (ii) The conical flask was frequently swirled or shaken? – To ensure complete mixing of the reactants. 5. Why is a rough titration carried out? – To find the approximate end point.This nformation enables the subsequent titrations to be carried out more quickly. 6. Why is more than one accurate titration carried out? – To minimise error by getting accurate readings within 0. 1-3 cm of each other. 7. Explain why hydrochloric acid is not used as a primary standard? – The exact concentration of any hydrochloric acid solution is not known, unless it is prepared from standard ampoules. Laboratory grade hydrochloric acid is not sufficiently pure. 8. Can any of the following be used as primary standards: NaOH, H2S04, HN03? Explain your answer.A primary standard should be available in a highly pure state and stable. None of these substances are available pure because: (a) NaOH readily absorbs water and carbon dioxide from the air. (b) Concentrated H2S04 readily absorbs water from the ai r. (c)HN03 breaks down releasing N02 gas. 9. If you used only 10cm3 of sodium carbonate solution in the conical flask, calculate how much acid would be required to neutralise it. x 10-3 moles Na2C03 10cm3 Na 2CO 3 solution used at concentration of 0. 1 M 1 2 x 10-3 moles HCL required Concentration of HCL is 0. M 1000 x 2 x 10-3 / 0. 23crn3 required = 10. 5crn fi13. 10. Describe briefly how a pure dry sample of sodium chloride could be obtained having carried out the titration? – Using the information provided by the titration results, add Just enough hydrochloric acid to exactly neutralise 25cm 3 of sodium carbonate. The indicator should not be added. Gently heat the solution until all the water has evaporated to dryness. A sample of sodium chloride will remain in the beaker. Solutions, Dilutions and molarity calculations By AbigailHerbert

Case study Technique Essay

In psychology, cases study is the use of descriptive research and analysis to obtain in-depth information about a person, group, or a phenomenon. Case study is conducted using techniques such as direct-observation of the person, personal interviews, psychometric tests, and use of earlier researches archived (Dunbar, 2005). Psychology uses a case study often in clinical research to explain an unusual occurrences and conditions of the patient. The conditions are contrary to the pre-established principles in the fields of psychology and clinical research. Most of the case studies are single-case design; however, there is multiple-case design where instead of using sampling, replication is the criterion for use. Case study in psychology ought to be valid, and reliable to help in the future psychological research. This paper explains the reasons, disadvantages, and advantages of the case study. Reasons for Using Case Study Case study allows the researcher to examine and gather information about persons in far more detail than if the research was on a large number of people. Although the case study is not a research method, clinical and psychological researchers identifies methods of data collection that is suitable for the case study (Goodwin, 1995). For instance, observation, interviews, personal notes, and officially documented records. The reason for the case study is to investigate into the private lives of persons with the focus of understanding them and helping them in overcoming the problems that they experienced in their daily lives. Advantages and Disadvantages of Case Study Case study allows the researchers to collect detailed information about a person that is useful. The information would not have been obtained by the other research methods. The information obtained during the case study is richer and is greater in depth compared to the other experimental designs. Moreover, the research considers rare cases where large samples of similar people are not available. Scientific experiments on the person done during the process of study are also an advantage (Dunbar, 2005). The process enables the researchers to adapt to ideas and come up with a hypothesis that  will be a point of reference in the future research. On the contrary, the data collected during the case study cannot apply in a wider population. This makes the data not be useful in longitudinal case studies. In addition, some of the studies are not scientific in nature (Goodwin, 1995). They are only a generalization of the scientific principles. The study considers only one individual; therefore, the study is prone to the researcher biases. The bias of the experimenter can influence the conclusions more than in the other study designs. It is also difficult to prove the effect from the psychological case study (Dunbar, 2005). A case study is often prone to be more time consuming than the time used in other study designs. Sources of Case Study Data The case study research generates data from different sources. The researchers use field notes to record data that is already available in stored databases. The use of sampling where one person is examined to represent a wider group is also a method of case study data collection. In addition, questionnaires, observations, and interviewing are other methods used to collect case study data. In conclusion, the study tends to collect qualitative data. The psychological case study is important since it collects unique and in-depth data about a person. Mainly, the rare phenomena and conditions allude to case studies. Finally, it is vital to refer to the recorded data to ensure that the findings are accurate and applicable in the real life situations. References Dunbar, G. (2005). Evaluating research methods in psychology: A case study approach. Malden, MA: BPS Blackwell. Goodwin, C. J. (1995). Research in psychology: Methods and design. New

Investigate the factors which affects the distance travelled by a tub propelled by an elastic band Essays

Investigate the factors which affects the distance travelled by a tub propelled by an elastic band Essays Investigate the factors which affects the distance travelled by a tub propelled by an elastic band Essay Investigate the factors which affects the distance travelled by a tub propelled by an elastic band Essay Aim: To find out how far a tub can travel by changing factors, which affect it. In this investigation the variables that affects the distances and is changed is mass that is applied on the tub while increasing the mass of the tub.Other variables include:The surface on which the tub is propelled on as some surfaces creates more friction than others. Friction is the force produced when two surfaces rub on each other. Some surfaces produce more friction and so try to prevent the two surfaces from sliding over each. This means that the force stops the tub from travelling far. The greater the friction the shorter the distance is it travels. Smoother surfaces allow the tub to travel further and since the tub is smooth the other surface also needs to be smooth as well in order to do this.The size of the elastic band, as bigger and thicker bands are more elastic than smaller and thinner ones. Because they are more elastic the band can be stretched more so that the elastic band stores more po tential energy and when the tub is released the energy is transferred from elastic band into the tub and the energy changes into kinetic energy as the tub travels forward. Bigger elastic bands can store more potential energy than small ones.The force, which is applied onto the elastic band. A greater force means a greater distance, because there is more potential energy as the energy is transferred from the hand to the band and then to the tub. The further the band is pulled back the more force is used and so the tub would travel further than when a small force is used.In this experiment the factor that is changed is the mass of the tub and the force is kept. Then the force is changed but kept constant while the mass is increased. This is related to the formula ofForce in N= mass in kg x acceleration in m/s2Preliminary work:Before doing the actual experiment we tried out different methods to propel the tub. First we used two stools and put an elastic band on one foot on each stool. The elastic band was put around the edge of the tub so that the tub was inside the band. The band was twisted by rotating the tub and then we it was released. The result was that it flew upwards and then forwards. The more it was twisted the further the tub should have gone however the tub was released from the band. Also this wasnt a good method to measure the distance the tub travelled, as we would need to do more unnecessary measurements. This meant we couldnt use this technique.We adapted the set so that instead flying upwards it would slide along the floor. The other change was to catapult rather than twisting as we could measure the distance it travelled.Equipment ListStool2 fat elastic bandsTubNewton meter10g weightsRulerScaleMethod1. A hole is made in the tub2. An elastic band is cut and then thread through the hole3. A knot in the elastic band on the inside of the tub so it cant fall out.4. A Newton metre is attached to the elastic band, which is attached to the tub. The Ne wton metre measurer the force applied onto the elastic5. Then the empty tub along with the elastic band and the Newton metre is weighed on the scale.6. The weight recorded.7. Another elastic band is cut and then each end is tied to a foot on a stool. The distance between the elastic band and the floor is 40mm.8. The tub is placed on the floor, which is a non-skid floor, which means its not slippery. This shows that there will be more friction between the floor and the tub.9. Then the tub is pulled back using the Newton meter until it reads 15 Newtons. Meanwhile another person sits on the stool to stop it from moving.10. The Newton meter is released with the tub facing upwards and the tub should travel along the floor, making sure that no one stands in front of the experiment or walk across before releasing it for safety reasons. Also the person pulling back the tub and releasing it should be the same person.11. When the tub stops the distance between the back edge and the back feet of the stool is measured using the ruler. The result is recorded.12. This is repeated 3 times to calculate an average and to make sure that the result are reliable. This helps to detect any anomalies.13. Then the weights are put in using the 10g slotted masses starting with 2 10g slotted masses.14. The slotted masses are stuck in using tape and blue tack, which would add more mass15. The tub is weighed and because the masses are placed in the centre of the tub so all the weight will be in the centre.16. This then catapulted always repeating it 3 times17. More weights are added each time using the same process until there are 8 10g masses in the tub18. Then the force is changed to 10 Newtons and increasing the mass each time until there are 8 10g masses.PredictionI predict that the tub will travel further if the elastic band is pulled further applying more force and if there less mass. This is because there is more energy in the elastic band if there is a greater force so that more e nergy is transferred into the tub. More mass means its going to travel a shorter distance because of inertia, which is the principle of more mass means a greater resistance of moving.Obtaining evidenceAnalysing and considering evidenceBoth graphs and tables show that as the mass increases so the distance decreases through the line of best fit.The tables show that if the force is increased the distance increases as well.However the results that the tub will travel further if a greater force is used while the mass is increased. The graph showing the relationship between the mass of the tub and the distance travelled using a 15 N force shows the decrease in distance when mass increases because when the mass is 62g the average distance the tub travels is 3.76m, however when the mass is 1.4g the average distance is 1.75m and the distance decreases even more when the mass is 1.46g and the tub travels 0.91m. The graph also shows a fast decrease because the gradient of the line of best fit is steep. Even though the line is a little bit curved it still shows a steady decrease. As the mass doubles the distance is reduced by a factor of about 3.The graph showing the relationship between the mass of the tub and the distance it travels using 10N also shows the decrease because when the mass is 63g the average distance is 1.39m whereas when the mass of the tub is 146g the tub travels 0.43m. It shows an even faster decrease than the other graph because its steeper. The line is straighter which means the decrease is more even. The graph also shows that when the mass doubles the distance halves. This shows the fact that mass is inversely proportional to the distance. This graph displays this better than the on where the tub used a mass of 15N.The reason for this is because of inertia, which is the effect of resisting acceleration and if an object doesnt accelerate much then it wont travel far. As mass increases so the greater inertia is so the more it resist acceleration and t herefore travelling a shorter distance. This is what happens with the tub. More masses are put in increasing the total mass of the tub and so increasing the inertia, which act on it, allowing the tube not to accelerate as much and so it will resist velocity more.The results show that tub, which had 15N, travelled a longer distance than the one that was pulled with 10N, because when the tub weighed 63g and a force of 15 N was used the distance it travelled was 3.76m, but when a force of 10N was used when the tub weighed 63g the distance was 1.39m. When the mass of the tub was 146g and the force was 15N the distance it travelled was 0.91m however when a 10N force was applied the distance was only 0.43m.This shows that force and distance are proportional, because when the force increases by a one and a fifth the distance doubles.The reason for this is that there is a greater force, which means there is more energy transferred in the tub as kinetic energy from the elastic band. Also the tub has a greater forward for with 15 N than with 10N which means that the opposite force air resistance is going to be less with the tub travelling with a force of 15N than with the tub travelling with 10N. This means that the forces are more unbalanced with the tub travelling with a force of 15N. So the tub will accelerate more and travel a longer distance than the tub with 10NThe conclusion supports the prediction made at the beginning because the results prove that when the mass is increased so distance increases.The reasons for this give a valid explanation as to why this occurs. The conclusion proved that a greater mass means a shorter distance , but a greater force means a greater distance.EvaluationThe results that were obtained were quite reliable as they showed what they were meant to show and so prove the prediction. Even though the results are not exact they are still close which also include anomalies. The graph showing the relationship between the mass of the tub and the distance using a force of 15 N shows a main anomaly, however its not completely irregular which means there was an error however it didnt affect the analysis of the results. The results were able enough to support the conclusion only to an extent because its apparent that there are some irregularities which although supported the basic facts of the conclusion but not the detailed ones, such as if mass and distance were proportional, because it was difficult to find an obvious connection between them.The procedure itself was a good way to show how the distance changes when the mass is varied and the differences between the distances made it clear that there was a decrease. It was a simple procedure with simple equipment, which gave the correct results and achieved what we aimed to do. It was a quick experiment, which meant we had time to do more variations such as putting more slotted masses and changing the force and so do more sets of results.The procedure was safe because ther e werent many hazards involved such being hurt by the tub as it travel along the floor and the equipment was safe to use. It also allowed the tub to travel far especially with the usage of the Newton meter at the back. Also the reason, which could explain the anomalies, could be that the tub had to carry more load apart from the mass itself but also the other elastic band the Newton meter, which was also heavy.Because the Newton meter was attached at the back this caused some problems as the tub would sometimes skid on the Newton meter by lying on top of it as it travels and so it would travel a shorter distance because the Newton meter is making the tub stop at the wrong time so that the reading would be wrong. Repeating it three times though still gave us accurate results as they were all were similar. However a change that could be made would be removing the Newton meter, as then the tub would carry so as many loads, which could create wrong results. Another change would be sprea ding the slotted mass evenly out as we put them in the centre which means all the weight was in the centre instead of being evenly spread along the tub. This would have given better results as position the masses in one place could affect how far the tub travels.Further work to this investigation could include using different sizes of bands and observing which size enables the tub to travel further. Also different surfaces could be used such as carpet or a surface that is very smooth such as ice if that is available, because this will create very little friction and so would be a contrast to a surface such as the one used in this experiment.

Peroxidase Lab Report Essay Example

Peroxidase Lab Report Essay Example Peroxidase Lab Report Paper Peroxidase Lab Report Paper We were able to measure enzymatic activity by the change in absorbency per second with a spectrophotometer. By testing different concentrations of peroxides and its reaction rate in seconds, we were able to see that as the amount of enzyme increased the catalytic reaction also increased. The optimal amount of peroxides concentration to be used in the subsequent experiments was determined to be 1. 0 ml. Any amount above this would have caused the rate of absorbency to be too fast, making it too difficult to get accurate readings. Any amount below this would not have produced a reaction at an appreciable rate. (Dolphin, Fleck, Collect and Wastage, p. 76) In addition, our results show that a rise temperature and pH only increase the rate of reaction to a certain point before the reaction rate begins to decline dramatically. In the case of boiling of the enzyme there was no rate of reaction found whatsoever. A similar result was found when hydroxylation was added to the peroxides and it caused an inhibition reaction. Overall, the results show that the peroxides enzyme is sensitive with reference to the above factors in whether or not a reaction is catcalled. INTRODUCTION Enzymes are essential in the breakdown of certain materials or molecules that cannot be used by or are harmful to an organism as they are, into products that can be used or are not harmful for the organism. They are proteins and their structure consists of amino acids with a specific shape. Enzymes have an area called an active site where substrates (only a particular molecule or material to be converted) bind. When the substrate is bound to the active site on the whole entity becomes an enzyme-substrate complex. The substrates covalent bond is disrupted and this chemical change constructs a new product from the original abstract while leaving the enzyme unaffected. Once this new product is released, the enzyme can bind again with more of these molecules needing conversion. Sometimes the enzyme works with commences or cofactors such as vitamins or metallic ions to help the binding process. In other cases competitive inhibitors are at work and prevent a substrate from being bound to the active site on the enzyme. The competitive inhibitor is similar enough to bind with the enzyme, but because it is not a perfect match, the enzyme then loses its ability to catalyst a reaction for that moment. In accordance with these properties, we ill see how certain factors affect the reaction rate of peroxides. For our purposes in this lab we used the enzyme peroxides extracted from a turnip. Peroxides, along with the help of its iron ion cofactor, catalysts harmful hydrogen peroxide (H2O) into a harmless compound and water. In order to follow the rate of reaction for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, we used ecological, a colorless dye, which donates electrons and turns brown when it is oxidized. We used this dye so that we could measure the absorbency with the spectrophotometer as the hydrogen peroxide is being broken down and the lour change gets stronger over specific time intervals. We developed several null hypotheses for these experiments: 1) The amount of enzyme added to the reaction will not affect the rate of reaction. 2) Temperature will not affect the enzymatic activity. 3) pH will not affect enzymatic activity. 4) Similar molecule to substrate will not affect enzymatic activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials and methods are taken from Lab Topic 7 in the Biological Investigations, 9th Edition. RESULTS Graph 1- Effects of Peroxides Amounts Graph 2 Temperature Effects on Peroxides Activity Graph 3 pH Effects on Peroxides Activity Graph 4 Boiled Peroxides Results Graph 5 Hydroxylation Results Graph 6 Optimum Temperature for Reaction Rate of Peroxides Graph 7 Optimum pH for Reaction Rate of Peroxides In Graph 1, Effects of Peroxides Amounts, it shows the difference in rates of reactions with different concentrations of peroxides in the solution Tubes 2 3 at 0. 5 ml, Tubes at 1. 0 ml and Tubes 6 7 at 2. 0 ml, along with corresponding line slopes. Graph 2, Temperature Effects on Peroxides Activity, shows the difference in rates of reaction for 1. Ml peroxides at ICC, Room Temperature ICC, ICC and ICC along with their corresponding line slopes. For Graph 3, pH Effects on Peroxides Activity, it shows the rates of reaction at pH 3, pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9, along with its corresponding line slopes at 1. 0 ml peroxides. Graph 4, Boiled Peroxides Results, shows the rates of reaction for 1. 0 ml between a Normal Extract of peroxides and a Boiled Extract of peroxides, both with their corresponding line slopes. In Graph 5, Hydroxylation Results, it shows rates of reaction for 1. Ml between a Normal Extract of peroxides without hydroxylation and a Hydroxylation-treated Extract of peroxides. Graph 6, Optimum Temperature for Reaction Rate of Peroxides, shows the slope of the line at each temperature. Lastly, Graph 7, Optimum pH for Reaction Rate of Peroxides, shows the slope of the line at each level of PH. DISCUSSION The significance of the observations in testing the enzyme peroxides and its rate of breaking down hydrogen peroxide helped us to make a decision as to whether to accept or reject our hypotheses in the experiment. The amount of peroxides concentration had a direct relationship to how slowly or how quickly a reaction took place. This result allowed us to reject our hypothesis that the mount of enzyme added to the reaction will not affect the rate of reaction. This test was important so that we could ascertain the best amount of concentration to use in the subsequent experiments with the spectrophotometer set at absorbency 470 NM and timed recordings at 20-second intervals for a total of 2 minutes. At 0. 5 ml of peroxides the reaction time was too slow thus no appreciable line or slope was rendered to measure the reaction with any accuracy. Conversely, it was a challenge to get accurate absorbency readings at 2. 0 ml of peroxides because the pace of the reaction appreciated so quickly and hen met equilibrium. At 1. 0 ml of peroxides the reaction time rendered an appreciable line and slope making it easier to record the absorbency every 20 seconds for 2 minutes and ultimately, the best concentration for use in the next experiments. It is known that when heat is applied to molecules, they move faster and collide more as the temperature rises. This is also true for the enzyme peroxides and its substrate until the temperature reaches ICC and then the reaction begins to taper off and it dives down drastically at ICC when the hydrogen bonds holding peroxides structure together begin to break. The results of this test confirm the same by the slope of each line and thereby we are able to reject our hypothesis that temperature has no effect on peroxides rate of reaction. At ICC the slope of the line is 0. 0071, at Room Temperature ? ICC the slope is 0. 0094, at ICC the slope is 0. 091 and at ICC it is 0. 0052. This is easily seen on the derivative Graph 6: Optimum Temperature for Reaction Rate of Peroxides attached. It should be mentioned here that in class it was decided from the table of results on the board for this experiment that ICC was the optimal temperature. In addition, it is difficult to fully see the results from the line graph number 2. As we can see here from the derivative graph, that just numbers without the prop er graphs can be misleading and it is necessary to take further steps in clarifying the observations and results. As for pH effects on peroxides activity, Graph 3, indicates that the amount of acidity or bassinets to a solution changes the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and thereby changes the ability to bind with the substrate in an effective manner. Here we tested the null hypothesis: pH will not affect enzymatic activity. The results from Graph 3: pH Effects on Peroxides Activity indicate that the more acidic pH 3 level disrupted the enzymes ability to bind with its substrate and its reaction rate did not appreciate noticeably. As the solution became less acid at pH 5, the greatest reaction efficiency resulted. Once the pH was at 7 and beyond the reaction rate for peroxides and its binding ability became poor and the reaction rate declined. Again, it was necessary to do a derivative graph to see the slope results clearly. In Graph 7: Optimum pH for Reaction Rate of Peroxides, the rate of reaction increased drastically from pH 3 with a slope f 0. 00007 to pH 5 with a slope of 0. 0055 and then trails off as the bassinets increases at pH 7 with a slope of 0. 047 and plummets as it reaches pH 9 with a slope of 0. 0022. We can see the optimal pH is 5 in this experiment and we were able to refute our null hypothesis because it was shown that pH does affect peroxides reaction rates. In boiling the peroxides extract, the result was that no reaction activity was found. As mentioned in our book by Dolphin, Fleck, Collect and Wastage, the enzyme is denatured because the high temperature broke a large number of hydroge n bonds, which dramatically changed the structure of the enzyme permanently (82). A denatured enzyme cannot catalyst a reaction and this result appears evident on Graph 4: Boiled Peroxides Results. The comparison between a normal extract of peroxides and a boiled extract of peroxides shows that zero absorbency with no appreciation was yielded over the two minutes for the boiled extract as opposed to the normal extract that did yield an appreciable line with a slope of 0. 0099. Again, we can refute our null hypothesis of temperature will not affect the enzymatic activity. Finally, a null hypothesis that a similar molecule to substrate will not affect enzymatic activity was tested.

Explain the reasons why left realism emerged Essay

Explain the reasons why left realism emerged - Essay Example Therefore, to fill in the radical vacuum that was prevalent in left-realists thoughts regarding crime, the left-realists had to take a position. This was meant to balance the extreme ideas regarding crime, which were being advanced by the right-realists on the one hand, and the left idealists, on the other hand (Young & Matthews, 1992). Upholding the view that crime was a matter of free will and personal choice as opposed to a behavioural problem, the left-realists emerged to criticize the politics of establishing longer sentences and more prison facilities (Matthews &Â  Young, 1986). Rather than addressing crimes through the concentration of criminals in prisons and rehabilitation centres, left realism advocated for the political class to take the causes of crime seriously. Further, the concept of left realism required that victims of crime must be taken even more seriously, considering that the fear of crime is not irrational, and everyone stands the chance of being a victim of crime (Lea, 2002). In this respect, the left-realists sought to criticize the distorted view that was being advanced by the right-realists and the left idealists. While the right realists cited crime as a function of a sick society full of moral decay and crime that is out of control, the left idealists did not take crime seriously, and thought it was simply a form of exaggerated societal panic (Lea & Young, 1984). The major focus of left realism is the victim, who should be the main concern of criminology. The left-realist also advances the view that it is out of the prevalence of unstructured inequality and perceived social injustices, that crime finds a breeding ground to grow and thrive (Matthews &Â  Young, 1986). Thus, left realism regards the establishment of better and equitable policies as a means of addressing the crime problem. The view of left realism is

Retail Marketing - John Lewis Company in the UK Essay

Retail Marketing - John Lewis Company in the UK - Essay Example Newer brands of retailing industries are also becoming more and more dependent on support activities such as online support sections, manufacturing and supply chain. The vulnerabilities posed by various facets of the retailing industry are myriad although currently the retailing industry in under great pressure due to lowered spending levels. Retailing has evolved and emerged over the years as an essential connection between the modern consumer culture and the supply chain mechanisms used to support the retailing in force. The domain of retail commodities spans all kinds of goods such as cosmetics, food products, homemade ups, textiles, draperies and the like. The size of retail outlets however depends on a number of other factors such as the consumer markets around the retail stores and outlets, the historical image of the retail outlet etc. The various retailing businesses around Great Britain have are also structured accordingly with small, medium and large retail outlets. The his tory of retailing in Great Britain has historically deep roots with large chains such as Harrods, John Lewis etc. spanning over decades. The drive to diversify and expand the domain of business activities as well as strong fiscal grounds has ensured that these historical businesses have remained strong in terms of performance. The resilience of these businesses has been evident from their dealing with large crises such as the Second World War or the economic depression of the seventies. 2. Chosen Company: John Lewis Partnership The chosen company John Lewis Partnership has also had deep historical roots as well. The company begun as a simple drapery store on Oxford Street, the historical shopping district in London but it soon emerged as a chain of stores around London. The move to obtain more stores around London went through before the First World War providing John Lewis a comprehensive retailing network. The John Lewis Partnership emerged with the novel idea of providing employe e led partnership. This idea ensured that after the death of the original owner’s son, the John Lewis Partnership was bequeathed to the employees in 1925. This trend has continued in the same spirit ever since and the John Lewis Partnership has been stewarded by a counsel of employees ever since. Over time the John Lewis partnership has diversified its business interests in order to augment its market standing. The John Lewis brand also supports other business interests such as the Waitrose supermarkets as well as the Greenbee range of products and services. In addition to the above, the John Lewis brand also provided support to the Ocando brand but it later absolved itself of any such business interests. It is evident from the facts presented above that John Lewis represents a major retailing business in the context of the United Kingdom. This contention is further strengthened by the argument that John Lewis Partnership is the third largest retailing business present within the boundaries of the United Kingdom. As mentioned before, the John Lewis Partnership is also distinct from other brands in the retailing industry due to its power sharing structure that stretches from the CEO to the person looking after the aisle in the stores around the United Kingdom. All employees of the John Lewis brand are considered partners of the company. The annual profit is also distributed amongst the partners and recent years have seen the distribution of such

Republicans and Democrats the U.S. deficit Research Paper

Republicans and Democrats the U.S. deficit - Research Paper Example Republicans on the other hand advocated for â€Å"sound finance† and decreasing taxes but also realized that there should be some form of deficit to support government programs in progress (Colander & Matthews, 59). The republican sound finance perspective is based on the economic view that if taxes are cut, there is an incentive to work harder, save and thus revenues are increased (Miroff, Siedelman, Swanstrom, & Deluca, 397). Therefore in addressing the growing national deficit, the Republican Party advocates for government spending habits to be curtailed, and also to amend tax legislation with a view to creating jobs and increasing salaries, reform Medicare and national security, and for the reformation of welfare programs (GOP.gov.com). The Democratic Party takes the position that the wealthy should be compelled to pay higher taxes, so that the government can fund programs meant to strengthen the middle and lower classes (Moving America Forward, 2012 Democratic National Pl atform). This paper evaluates how democrats and republicans propose to handle the current U.S. deficit and will determine which approach has more merit. During the 2012 Presidential elections, the Republican Party’s Presidential candidate Mitt Romney revealed a plan for dealing with the US deficit. The plan involved an eight-year program in which the federal budget would be balanced (Sahadi). The plan also included a promise that taxes would not be increased and at the same time, retiring Americans would be protected and more would be spent on defense (Rubin). This plan would obviously mean that other government programs would necessarily have to be cut. According to Rubin, we are at least assured by Romney that social security would not be subjected to cuts. However, other government programs could be vulnerable and this would include housing assistance, national parks, food stamps, and any other number of government programs. Wyler provides the details of the plans Romney h ad for the Republican Party’s approach to the U.S. deficit. To begin with, Romney planned to decrease income taxes by 20%. These income tax decreases would affect all Americans regardless of income status (Wyler). This of course is nothing new for the Republican Party. In 2001 and 2003, former republican president Bush introduced two successive tax cuts across the board which were primarily beneficial to the wealthy (Bartels). For the most part Americans are receptive to tax cuts because they are singly focused on their own â€Å"tax burdens† (Bartels, 15). The reality however was that 36% of the tax cuts would benefit the â€Å"richest 1 percent of Americans – a share almost identical to that received by the bottom 80 percent† (Hacker & Pierson, 33). It was estimated at the time that within 10 years, the income tax reductions would cost the U.S. $2.1 trillion in revenue (Hacker & Pierson). Middle and lower class Americans were sold on the tax reductions because in less than a month after the initial reductions, taxpayers were receiving rebate checks for at least $600 (Hacker & Pierson). This was one way of passing a policy that would primarily benefit the wealthy and yet

Feasibility Report Essay Example for Free

Feasibility Report Essay The company will sell custom-made cakes, cupcakes and coffee. The revenues from the business will come from the sale of decorated cakes and cupcakes, as well as coffee for customers who visit the shop. The business will raise revenue from service: cake decoration and creation of the centerpieces of many of the most remarkable occasions of the lives of clients. Service revenue will come from different customized cake designs, decoration and bake creations. The business will use many different designs as discussed by Graham (2007) and Wilson (2011). The major revenue source during the initial year will be service revenue, including drink, cakes, and cupcakes sales. The business includes walk-in service. It will have two ordering delivery channels; phone orders and via online ordering. In addition, parking bays will be provided at a fee. The projected revenue from parking bays will be $75000 per year. The revenue from the sale of cupcakes, cakes and drinks is projected to be $100000 yearly. The revenue from custom-making service will be $50000 annually. Therefore, the total projected revenue will be $225000. Cost Drivers The business will consider the costs in order to stay in business (Marron, 2014); (Kidder, 2012 ). a) Upfront Costs Since the business is new, there will be several starting costs before  official opening. Upfront costs consist of the purchase of furniture and fittings (table, chairs, coffee machines, installation of EFTPOS (electronic funds transfer at point of sale) and computers, cutlery, and front decoration (Ilasco and Seto, 2012 ); (Spencer, 2010). Advertising expenses will consist of the advertising campaign in the initial year. The advertising drive will be geared towards increasing sales to cater for the other costs (Marquis, Demand Media, 2014). Materials for shop decoration will be used to attract new customers. The total cost will include the cost of employing an interior designer. In addition, the business will consider the bond for the rent. This is because the expense must be paid prior before the business is opened. There will be other upfront costs that will include the certificates and legislations required for the business opening (Department of Health, 2014). b) Fixed Costs Owing to the scenic area of Melbourne, the high cost of rent must be taken into account. Utilities like lighting, heating, telephone lines, internet router and air conditioning have to be considered before the official opening. The business will choose a cheap electricity supplier. There are many to choose from (Smart Utilities, 2014). For an attractive design of the display in the shop, an interior designer with experience will be sought once per year. The cost associated with this will be recorded as ‘expenses for design.’ Besides, the parking bays’ rental will be a yearly fixed cost paid to Melbourne City Council (Hamer, Currie and Young , 2011). The parking bays will be provided to increase revenue. The business will take legislations into consideration, because set annual fees will have to be paid to the relevant bodies to ensure business continuation. c) Variable Costs These are the expenses that will change with the output of the business. The main variable cost in the cake and cupcake shop is raw materials used in the production of cupcakes, coffee and cakes such as lollies, vegetables, fruits, flour, milk, coffee beans and chocolate (Leach and Melicher, 2014). The cost of vegetables and fruits will change depending on seasonal and weather changes. There will be other variable costs like package expenses: boxes, bags, staff wages and utilities. The workers in the shop will include 1 baker 1 decorator Junior casual staff Wages will be paid fortnightly. Additionally, the business will offer staff uniforms and training opportunities. There will be allowance of discount expenses owing to the high-inventory turnover and the need to supply fresh products. On special occasions, the business may have deals or offers that will reduce the unit profit. There will be other expenses like machinery maintenance, new fittings and insurance. These will be required as the business grows. Resource Requirements/Mapping Human Resource It will be very easy to get the key employees as it will only involve placing adverts on the street notice boards. There will be an added cost of interviews, as well as paying the Melbourne City Council (City of Melbourne, 2014). Physical Resource Property for lease is available in the area identified. Due to the scenery of the area, the cost of lease is high. However, the expected returns are high. The business premises will be gotten under a one-year lease. This will save the cost that may be incurred in paying monthly costs. Similarly, it will avoid the costs associated with monthly rent increases. Financial Resource The total startup cost is $130000. The business will raise $30000 and $100000 will be obtained from the bank as loan. Costs for maintenance will be catered for by the revenue from the business. Investment Size The business plans to raise $130000 to meet its startup cost. The funds will be used for: Developing the company’s cupcake and cakes store location Financing for the first year of operation Capital to buy baking equipment and ovens The company will contribute $30000 to the venture. The remaining $100000 will be financed by the bank as loan. Projected Startup Costs Initial Lease Payments and Deposits $20000 Working Capital $60000 Security Deposits $20000 Opening Supplies $10000 Company Vehicle and Lease Deposits $2000 Marketing Budget $10000 Miscellaneous and Unforeseen Costs $8000 Total Startup Costs $130000 References Aaron Marquis, Demand Media , 2014. The Average Profit Margin for a Cake Bakery. [Online] Available at: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/average-profit-margin-cake-bakery-14214.html [Accessed 11 05 2014]. Department of Health, V. A., 2014. Starting a food business. [Online] Available at: http://www.health.vic.gov.au/foodsafety/bus/foodbus.htm [Accessed 11 05 2014].  Graham, J., 2007. The Crabapple Bakery Cupcake Cookbook. Print ed. London: Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated. J. Leach, Ronald Melicher, 2014 . Entrepreneurial Finance. 5 ed. Stamford: Cengage Learning. Kidder, D., 2012 . The Startup Playbook: Secrets of the Fastest-Growing Startups from Their Founding Entrepreneurs. Illustrated ed. San Francisco : Chronicle Books. Marron, D., 2014. Cupcake Economics. [Online] Available at: http://dmarron.com/2009/11/28/cupcake-economics/ [Accessed 11 05 2014]. Meg Mateo Ilasco, Catherine Seto, 2012 . Mom, Inc.: The Essential Guide to Running a Successful Business Close to Home. Illustrated ed. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. Melbourne, C. o., 2014. Rates and valuations. [Online] Available at: https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/buildingandplanning/ratesandvaluations/Pages/RatesandValuations.aspx [Accessed 11 05 2014]. Paul Hamer, Graham Currie, William Young , 2011. Parking Price Policies – A review of the Melbourne congestion levy. Australasian Transport Research Forum 2011 Proceedings , 1(1), pp. 1-16. Spencer, P., 2010 . Start a Cupcake Business Today. London: InformationTree Press. StartupBizHub, 2014. Starting a Cake Business. [Online] Available at: http://www.startupbizhub.com/starting-a-cake-business.htm [Accessed 11 05 2014]. Utilities, S., 2014. Compare Electricity Rates in Victoria. [Online] Available at: http://www.smartutilities.com.au/electricity-comparison-victoria/ [Accessed 11 05 2014]. Wilson, D., 2011 . Bakers Field Guide to Cupcakes. Unabridged, reprint ed. New York City: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

The Crucible Coursework Essay -- Essay on The Crucible

The Crucible Coursework Essay The Crucible was written in 1952 by the playwright Arthur Miller. It is an allegory of the McCarthy ‘witch-hunts’ which occurred during the 1950’s. It was effectively the arrest and questioning of those suspected of communist views or that sympathised with communists. The USA was very suspicious of communists due to the Cold War between itself and the USSR. Joe McCarthy, leader of the governmental organisation, the Anti-Democracy Policy, headed the hunts. Arthur Miller was himself arrested by McCarthy. Miller was very irritated by this and decided that he wanted to protest by writing a satirical play. To have his play shown on Broadway he had to write an allegory based on his treatment and the insanity of the ‘witch-hunts’. The play is set in a fictional town named Salem in Massachusetts, USA in 1692, a period of American history when people were strict Christians. In Acts I, II and III we see a portrayal of local farmer John Proctor as he becomes involved in the injustices and realises the stupidity of the witch-hunts of Salem. In Act I we are introduced to Reverend Samuel Parris, a corrupted clergyman. He is insecure, bitter and paranoid about witchcraft infecting his parish, giving him a bad reputation. We learn that he has seen several girls dancing naked and casting spells in the nearby woods, including his daughter, Betty, niece, Abigail Williams and his housemaid, Tituba. Parris’ perversion could be seen as the ‘perversion’ of the autocratic 1950’s America. We also briefly establish John Proctor’s relationship with Abigail. An orphan, Abigail worked for him and his wife, Elizabeth as a housemaid until Elizabeth discovers that they were having an affair, ... ...cating that Proctor’s conscience has been eased. Danforth looks defeated here, showing us that Proctor’s truth and ability to stay strong has quashed the judge. Proctor is then sent to be hanged, and arrives in a cart carrying Goody Nurse, an innocent woman also condemned to death. In the shot both he and Goody Nurse are standing implying that they are closer to Heaven than the crowds below that have come to see them executed. We see a close-up of Elizabeth and at this point the music becomes powerful, showing her strong character. As they begin to recite the Lord’s Prayer we see that the accused are true Christians, though by not being allowed to finish the prayer, we see that justice has now been overcome. Through his own interpretation, the director presents the film in a way that remains true to the original themes and ideas of Miller’s play.

Material Requirements Planning (Mrp)

Material Requirements Planning (MRP) An overview of MRP Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is a software based production planning and inventory control system used to manage manufacturing processes. Although it is not common nowadays, it is possible to conduct MRP by hand as well. Is a computer based information system that translates the finished product requirements of the master schedule into time- phased requirements for subassemblies, component parts and raw materials, working backward from the due date using lead times and other information to determine when and how much to order.Material requirements planning is as much a philosophy as it is a technique, and as much approach to scheduling as it to inventory control. MRP begin with a schedule for finished goods that is converted into a schedule of requirements for the subassemblies, components parts, and raw materials is needed to produce the finished items in the specified time frame. Thus, MRP is designed to answer three q uestions: what is needed? How much is needed? and When is needed?Manufacturing industries must follow planning processes for every product, from its developmental stage to initial production and to final product. To outline each part of production planning, businesses use computer-based information tools such as material requirements planning, or MRP, and manufacturing resource planning, or MRP I. They function as integrated manufacturing control and activity systems MRP inputs An MRP system has three major sources of information: a master schedule, a bill of materials file, and an inventory records file.A master schedule is also referred to as master production schedule, states which ends items are to be produced when they are needed, and in what quantities. Then, a bills of materials(BOM) contains a listing of all the assemblies, parts, and raw materials that are needed to produce one unit of a finished product. Thus each finished product has its own bill of materials. And lastly, inventory records refers to stored information on the status of each items by time period, called time buckets. This include gross requirements, scheduled receipts, and expected amount on hand.It also include other details for each items, such as supplier, lead time, and lot size policy. MRP Systems MRP systems use production stage charts, materials requirement planning and master production schedules to outline the process of creating final products. It outlines the time needed during each production stage, status of outstanding orders and inventory needs for the initial process. It determines the time required for each production stage and demand for the final product. MRP1 Systems MRPII adds data resources to the original MRP manufacturing information systems.MRPII incorporates plan activities–such as a detailed production schedule and financial needs, inventory management, demand planning, shop-floor control and performance measurements–into manufacturing groups, such as the car industry and Marine Corps logistics. MRP and MRPI Integration MRP and MRPI systems are normally integrated into other production systems, such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), but are still found separately today due to computer prices. The system a company uses depends on requirements.Just In Time (JIT) inventory strategy will sometimes supersede MRP during repetitive manufacturing processes, since receiving the raw materials during production cuts down on warehouse space and costs. For pharmaceutical and defense manufacturing industries, which use non repetitive production processes, the MRP system is still preferred. Project Benefits MRP allows for organization of the process as a project instead of continuous operation. The project engineer can produce a project master document with such information as division into units, date of the plan and name of the project. A project team is formed.The name of the team, role of the team and role of any team member or employee using MRP will be defined. Activities in the project can be linked through the use of planning, control of activities and co-ordination. MRP can be used to compute the earliest and latest possible start date for each activity of the project. MRP utilizes reject codes to assure consistent product quality by identifying units out of compliance. MRP further assures quality by using quality assurance methods to monitor line production. Rejected lots of product are tracked by operation work centers. Rejection of materials is tracked by vendor.Guidelines are developed for inspection of finished products as well as at pre-determined points in the manufacturing process. Outgoing goods' quality control and quality certifications are utilized. The benefits of the implementation of MRP versus of the cost of the system are considerations for companies examining this method. Lower end estimates for the cost of such a system are approximately $93,000 for a small company to $1,633,000 fo r the largest companies. However, the implementation approach, management support and degree of computerization have been found to be more important in achieving benefits than the cost of the system.The size of the company and the nature of the process or product appear to have little effect upon success. MRP will plan production so that the right materials are at the right place at the right time. MRP determines the latest possible time to product goods, buy materials and add manufacturing value. Proper Material Requirements Planning can keep cash in the firm and still fulfill all production demands. It is the single most powerful tool in guiding inventory planning, purchase management and production control. MRP is easy to operate and adds dramatically to profits.