Power Distance Concept

Presentation Power separation is a significant idea that was acquainted by Geert Hofstede with assistance in estimating the circulation of intensity in social orders. People in various social orders relate contrastingly to the force conveyance viewpoint. This similarly impacts the way where organizations and associations in these nations are run.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Power Distance Concept explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hofstede noticed that various individuals have various degrees at which they may be happy to endure uncertainty. He, subsequently, orders social orders basing on their vulnerability evasion qualities. This paper explores the entire idea of intensity separation. The paper at that point zeroes on power in associations and force in organizations. The Dependence Theory of Power An individual accomplishes power because of another person’s powerlessness to the force. A more grounded part of reliance fea tures defenselessness. Nonetheless, the reliance isn't in empathy (de Lange 8). In such manner, power is taken a gander at regarding the capacity to control or influence others. Reliance alludes to the monetary advancement state, as far as legislative issues, economy, and culture, which impacts national improvement arrangements. Ground-breaking nations to a great extent impact a ton of less created nations that depend on them for their endurance. Force Bases Organizations and organizations can work as indicated by their techniques as a result of the characteristic bases of intensity. Specifically, people in associations can get five distinct sorts of intensity, which incorporate coercive force, reward power, authentic force, master force, and referent force. Coercive Power Individuals with coercive force in associations can arrange different representatives to fit in with the anticipated targets. Coercive force is frequently executed through the issuance of discipline. Administrator s utilize the coercive force conceded to them by prudence of their situation to have their subordinates agree to the requests. Notwithstanding, the utilization of coercive power influences representatives contrarily on the grounds that it causes absence of responsibility on their part. Associations can check the utilization of coercive force by changing their business rules to permit work freely. Quality administration hypothesis similarly assumes a basic job in affecting associations against utilizing coercive power. As per the defenders of the quality administration hypothesis, associations that training coercive power experience a decrease in their imagination and profitability. A shaky domain loaded up with dread is additionally made when directors utilize coercive power when managing their employees.Advertising Looking for research paper on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Legitimate Power This sort of inte nsity is accomplished when representatives accept and concur that their chiefs, by righteousness of their authority position, reserve the option to give orders. Supervisors gain this authentic force in light of the position they hold in the organization’s chain of importance (de Lange 8). The real force regularly causes workers to neglect to participate out of eagerness, but since they are required to do as such. They, in this way, come up short in some capacity of responsibility. Along these lines, directors need to utilize different methods separated from their genuine capacity to win the full help of their workers. Prize Power Reward power is procured by righteousness of a manager’s capacity to compensate his representatives. Compensations to representatives might be in fluctuating structures, including money related or non-financial structures. Utilizing reward power impacts positive execution of associations. Directors who utilize their prize force in an adaptable manner wind up propelling their representatives to perform magnificently. Then again, supervisors utilizing unbending prizes force may wind up dampening the laborers, bringing about poor business returns for the firm. Referent Power Managers get referent force when their workers build up a solid regard for them and endeavor to relate to them. Administrators with referent force show others how its done in light of the fact that it impacts workers into displaying their own conduct. Referent force enables representatives in the association since they are all the more ready to take guidelines and requests from such administrators (de Lange 10). Referent force takes more time to create, suggesting that an association may not profit by its focal points where a high turnover rate is experienced. Referent force may likewise neglect to profit an association containing workers with blended social foundations. Singular workers may wind up misconception and confounding their bosses, in this wa y making an obstruction. Master Power Expert force is gained when representatives believe that a director or a partner specialist has more prominent employment information and execution abilities. People might be elevated to administrative situations by righteousness of their incredible information and ability. In contrast to different sorts of intensity, people holding master force may not really rank higher than their associates. While master representatives may in any case get requests and directions from different administrators, they issue requests and guidelines to be trailed by different chiefs while working in their regions of expertise.Advertising We will compose a custom examination paper test on Power Distance Concept explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contingencies of Power The real force employed by directors in associations is because of four principle projection territories, which incorporate substitutability, centrality, attentiveness, just as per ceivability. Substitutability Available options in an association impact the degree to which force sources can be changed over effectively. The nearness of options, thusly, brings down the first source esteem. Like in the rule of gracefully and request, the accessibility of numerous choices diminishes power, while a predetermined number of decisions increment the force (McShane and Von Glinow 19). Centrality Organizations have structures set up to figure out who among the people or representatives holds power. Nonetheless, associations are probably going to experience difficulties in the manner they run in the event that they do not have a force holder. Centrality, thusly, alludes to the results of the association coming up short on a force holder. A more prominent result suggests more influence with respect to the force holder. Attentiveness Discretion identifies with the degree to which the force holders in an association settle on unregulated or non-normalized choices. A force ho lder is of less advantage to the association if similar choices he is required to make can even now be accomplished utilizing approaches. Perceivability Significantindividuals in an association may find about the assets that the force holder in the firm has. This is alluded to as perceivability. Absence of attention to the force holder’s ownership renders the assets significant to the association, bringing about loss of intensity (McShane and Von Glinow 19). Force and Social Networks Organizations incorporate informal communities and units where representatives discover the chance to relate with one another in different interdependencies. Force is procured inside the informal communities essentially by methods for social capital. In any case, there must be generosity for social cash-flow to be achieved, just as coming about assets that must be shared among the informal community individuals. Laborers having a place with similar offices or units inside the association profit b y data that they would not have procured had the units been non-existent. The association likewise brings about perceivability where remarkable individual abilities and aptitudes are probably going to be found. Interpersonal organizations likewise offer a decent stage for the development and procurement of referent force. Workers are impacted by one another as they relate intently and imitate their partners who perform well in their roles.Advertising Searching for research paper on sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Keeping up ties between various informal communities in the association expands the advantages amassed by the association. Laborers having a place with one unit increase extra data when they relate with their partners in an alternate unit. Impact Tactics, Consequences of Influencing others, and possibilities Power impact strategies allude to the real exercise of intensity (McShane and Von Glinow 20). These strategies incorporate self-assuredness, which includes providing orders, setting cutoff times, bothering, just as utilizing verbal showdown. Chiefs may likewise utilize combination to practice power. Here, they may utilize honeyed words, benevolence, quietude, and affableness while rehearsing their jobs. Sanity may likewise be utilized to practice power. Here, the administrator utilizes rationale, arranging, thinking, and bargain in executing his jobs. The trade strategy, then again, includes principally doing favors, for example, exchange favors, to practice power. The upward int rigue strategy, then again, depends on formal and casual interests towards the hierarchical bosses to look for their mediation. Force can likewise be practiced through shaping alliances where people may do this for reasons for obtaining support from their associates in the association. Affecting others in the association brings about accomplishing certain outcomes, including disposing of wastefulness and clashes among the laborers. The director is probably going to comprehend the negative impact strategies. Affecting others additionally increments one’s relational viability through proceeded with communication (de Lange 12). Determination Power assumes a basic job in impacting hierarchical execution and results. Getting power and using it in the most suitable manner impacts positive results for the association. Then again, inability to comprehend and rehearse power viably p

Discuss the differences in Leadership between Men and Women Essay

Examine the distinctions in Leadership among Men and Women - Essay Example So as to discover the distinction in the initiative style of people, it is critical to research on the idea of the distinctions. Sex contrasts in the Communication For being a decent pioneer, it is significant for a person to have a solid correspondence aptitude. Great correspondence is considered as the most significant aptitude which is exceptionally hard to ace. Disappointment in great correspondence brings about erosion and issues emerging in an association. Different circumstances, societies, time, sex styles and so on influence just as entangle the correspondence procedure. In the wake of considering the example of correspondence for a long time, the language specialists concur upon the realities that the sexual orientation distinction is one reason influencing this procedure. The sexual orientation contrasts may emerge from a portion of the essential hereditary or natural contrasts or because of distinction in the social conduct desires. This distinction may prompt a few issue s in cooperation inside the association. The fundamental contrast in the correspondence style of people emerges because of the way that the view the motivations behind their discussions in an unexpected way. As per numerous scholastic research researchers, ladies utilize the correspondence as a significant instrument for improving the social associations and making connections while men utilize this as an apparatus to apply strength lastly accomplish unmistakable results (Leaper 801). Ladies appear to be increasingly expressive, pleasant and inquisitive in their discussions while men are eager for power. Both of the angles have a positive effect identified with the initiative styles. For instance, the expressive and amiable nature of the ladies help in making a solid relationship (as a pioneer) with the subordinates while the prevailing idea of the men help in impacting the subordinates to work effectively inside an association. Ladies attempt to be increasingly expressive and socia l while interfacing with others. Men give higher incentive to their freedom. Men attempt to keep up their status just as predominance in the associations with the subordinates while cooperating with them and don't have faith in building private bond with them so as to have a compelling authority style. Ladies are found to utilize progressively conditional, well mannered language when contrasted with men particularly in the circumstance of contention. Research examines made on the sexual orientation contrasts identified with the correspondence styles have presumed that men attempt to act naturally self-assured and attempt to chat in such a way, that it might prompt unmistakable results. Then again, ladies esteem participation. The following eliminate is finding that how the sexual orientation contrasts in the authority styles lead to the distinctions in their administration styles. Contrasts in the Leadership Styles over the Genders It has been discovered that men are predominantly t ask-arranged pioneers though ladies have confidence in relationship-situated initiative. The undertaking focused pioneers are imperious and centers around setting the work principles, work management and meeting the objectives of the creation. Men are commonly very objective situated in nature when it is worried about moving toward correspondence with the end goal of authority. They utilize the technique for discussion to protect freedom, accomplish results and furthermore keep up the status in

Writing A Scholarship Essay From Career Goals Essay Samples

Writing A Scholarship Essay From Career Goals Essay SamplesIf you are thinking about writing a scholarship essay for a college essay contest, consider using a few career goals essay samples to get you started. Scholarships can be tough to compete with because there are so many of them and not everyone can win. While it is true that scholarships are awarded based on the goal of the awardee, sometimes the student just does not have what it takes to win.Thankfully, many writers have a go-to resource when they need some writing advice from scholarship essay samples. By taking advantage of this one resource, you may be able to win your scholarships instead of wasting your time trying to write essays that do not seem to be recognized by the judges. The people who write these essays for scholarships are typically the very same people who help people succeed. Since so many people want to win scholarships and help their fellow students, the writing samples have to be compelling enough to enco urage the judges to see what they have to offer.You may want to start your list of goals by looking at the career goals essay samples to see what they have to offer. You can also get advice from books and other resources in the publishing world to get your information and ideas down. Once you know what you need to accomplish to make your career a success, you will be able to write an essay that is more likely to stand out among other applicants.To make sure that you have a well-written essay, you need to follow a few steps before you even begin. You will want to make sure that your career goals essay samples offer helpful tips and advice. Make sure that you get tips on how to avoid common pitfalls when writing an essay and how to properly write an essay that is compelling enough to inspire others to see what you have to offer. This will give you a much better chance of winning your scholarship.You will also want to include what you are thankful for when you write your essay. It can be good to write about things that helped you grow and reach where you are now. Even if you were once unemployed, it can still be helpful to put in some writing tips that may apply to today's modern day working world.Remember that the career goals essay samples you look at are not experts. They are only providing you with a few ideas and advice to use when you write. You have to do the work of finding and using specific writing tips and getting advice from other professionals. These professionals can help you take your essay to the next level and win you your scholarship.In addition to following the directions that are on the sample, you should also give your essay some creative and original content. You can do this by thinking outside the box and showing readers some of the creative ways that you did the things you loved to do while in school. The important thing is to not just copy pasted sentences and paragraphs from another scholarship essay that has already been published. You should show your readers that you have original ideas and can add your own flair to the material you are writing.The best way to use career goals essay samples is to put your own twist on them. As long as you keep your scholarship essay simple, you should be able to write an essay that is more likely to stand out from the crowd of applicants. There are many scholarship essay samples available, so don't be afraid to look into them and find one that will meet your needs.

Study On Monetary Policy And The Stock Market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 18 Words: 5331 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Monetary policy is the regulation of the interest rate and money supply of a country by its Central Bank or Federal Reserve in other to achieve the major economic goals which include price stability, full employment, economic growth etc.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The stock market on the other hand is often considered a primary indicator of a countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic strength and development as it is a major source of savings and income for most individuals. History has shown that the economy of any country reacts strongly to movements in stock prices and is replete with examples in which large swings in stock, housing and exchange rate markets coincided with prolonged booms and busts (Cecchetti, Genberg, Lipsky and Wadhwani, 2000). Recent happenings even confirm this as the latest economic recession was preceded by a crash in the stock market. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Monetary Policy And The Stock Market" essay for you Create order As a result of the relationship between the stock market and the economy, it is very important to the Central bank that the stock market performs well as bad performance can seriously disrupt the economy. This is because the stock market serves as a primary source of income and retirement savings to many and movements in stock prices can have a major effect on the economy as it influences real activities such as consumption, investments, savings etc While some economists say that monetary policy decisions depend on stock price movements, some others believe that stock price movements depend on monetary policy decisions. In this paper, we analyze both sides of the coin by looking at how stock markets react to monetary policy and how monetary policy reacts to movements in stock markets. This research work is aimed at finding out which granger causes which using the Granger Causality test. We will also analyze the relationship between both interest rates and monetary policy and th at between money supply and monetary policy. In section II, a thorough review of the relevant literature of the topic is carried out as we try to understand more about the relationship between monetary policy and the stock market and the effects of both components (money supply and interest rates) of monetary policy 0n the stock market. In the next section, we describe the variables and data set used in the study and the empirical model is developed. Results are presented and discussed in the next section. We conclude the paper in section V and suggestions for further studies are pointed out and policy implications are considered. REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE Monetary policy is one of the most effective tools a Central Bank has at its disposal (Maskay, 2007) and is used to achieve the macroeconomic goals set by the government. This is done by regulating the two components of monetary policy which are interest rates and money supply to maintain balance in the economy. The stock market is an important indicator of the wellbeing of the economy as stock prices reflect whether the economy is doing well or not. Movements in stock prices have a significant impact on the macroeconomy and are therefore likely to be an important factor in the determination of monetary policy (Rigobon and Sack, 2001). The stock market is a financial market where equities are bought and sold either as an IPO (Initial Public Offer) in the primary market or exchange of existing shares between interested parties in the secondary market. Although stocks are claims on real assets and researchers have found considerable evidence that monetary policy can affect real stock prices in the short run (e.g Bernanke and Kuttner, 2005), monetary neutrality implies that monetary policy should not affect real stock prices in the long run (Bordo, Dueker and Wheelock, 2007). To understand the relationship between monetary policy and the stock market, we must first understand what monetary policy is. Lamont, Polk and Saa-Requejo (2001), Perez-Quiros and Timmerman (2000) among others use change in market interest rates or official rates as their measures of monetary policy. This measure of monetary policy, however, coincides with changes in business cycle conditions and other relevant economic variables. Christiano, Eichenbaum and Evans (1994) extracted monetary policy as the orthogonalized innovations from VAR models proposed by Campbell (1991) and Campbell and Ammer (1993). Research methodology based on this has shown that the response of US stocks returns to monetary policy shocks based on federal fun rates show that returns of large firms react less strong ly than those of small firms (Thorbecke, 1997), that the overall policy for stock returns is quite low ( Patelis, 1997) and that international stock markets react to both to changes in their local monetary policies and that of the United states ( Conover, Jensen and Johnson ( 1999). Monetary policy shocks that are extracted from structural VAR models or from changes in interest rates using monthly or quarterly data are likely to subject to the endogeneity problem i.e they are unlikely to be purely exogenous ( Ehrmann and Fratzscher, 2004). Another VAR-based method was used by Goto ad Valkanov (2000) to focus on the covariance between inflation and stock returns while Boyd, Jagan and Hu (2001) considered the linkages between policy and stock prices. Their analysis did not focus directly on monetary policy; rather it focused on marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s response to employment news (Bernanke and Kuttner, 2005). In their own research paper, Ehrmann and Fratzscher (2004) find that SP 500 shows a strong effect of monetary policy on equity returns, that the effect of monetary policy is stronger in an environment of increased market uncertainty, that that negative surprises ( i.e monetary policy has tightened less and loosened more than expected) has larger effects on the stock market than positive surprises, that small firms are react more to policy shocks than large firms, that firms with low cash flows are affected more by US monetary shocks and that firms with poor ratings are more prone to monetary policy shocks than those with good ratings. They find that firms react more strongly when no change had been expected, when there is a directional change in the monetary policy stance and during periods of high market uncertainty. There has also been cross-sectional dimensions of the effect of monetary policy on the stock markets in literature though few. Hayo and Uhlenbruck (2000), Dedola and Lippi (2000), Peersman and Smets ( 2002), Ganley and Salmon (1997) etc are some economists who have analyzed this and overall, their findings show that the stock prices of firms in cyclical industries, capital-intensive industries and industries that are relatively open to trade are affected more strongly by monetary policy shocks (Ehrmann and Fratzscher, 2004). According to Bernanke and Kuttner (2005), changes in monetary policy are transmitted through the stock market via changes in the values of private portfolios (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“wealth effectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?), changes in the cost of capital and by other mechanisms. In their paper, they analyzed the stock markets response to policy actions both in the aggregate and at the level of industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s portfolios and they also tried to understand the reasons for the stock markets response. Their findings show that monetary policy is, for the most part, not directly attributable to policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s effects on the real interest rate instead it seems to come either through its effects o n expected future excess returns or expected future dividends. While economists commonly associate restrictive/expansive monetary policy with higher/lower levels of economic activity, financial economists discuss various reasons why changes in the discount rate affect stock returns. (Durham, 2000) Changes in the discount rate affect the expectations of corporate profitability ( Waud, 1970) and discrete policy rate changes influence forecasts of market determined interest rates and the equity cost of capital ( Durham, 2000). Modigliani (1971), suggests that a decrease in interest rates boosts stock prices and therefore financial wealth and lifetime resources, which in turn raises consumption through the welfare effect. Mishkin (1977) on the other hand suggests that lower interest rates increase stock prices and therefore decrease the likelihood of financial distress, leading to increased consumer durable expenditure as consumer liquidity concerns abate (Durham, 2000). Tobins q is the equity market value of a firm divided by its book value. It can also be defined as the ratio of the market value of a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s existing shares to the replacement cost of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s physical assets. Higher stock prices reduce the yield on stocks and reduce the cost of financing investment spending through equity issuance (Bosworth, 1975). Tobins q explains on e of the mechanisms through which movements in stock prices can affect the economy: the wealth channel. The other channels of monetary policy transmission include; the interest rate channel and the exchange rate channel. The wealth channel has the investment effect, wealth effects and balance sheet effects (www.oenb.at/en). Bernanke and Blinder (1992) and Kashyap, Stein and Wilcox (1993) show that a tightening of monetary policy has a very strong impact on firms that highly depend on banks loans to financing their investments as banks reduce their overall supply of credit. Deteriorating market conditions affect firms by also weakening their balance sheets as the present value of collateral falls with rising interest rates and that this effect can be stronger for some firms than for others (Bernanke and Gertler 1989, Kiyotaki and Moore 1997). These two arguments are based on information asymmetries as firms for which more information is publicly available may find it easier to collect loans when credit conditions become tighter (Gertler and Hubbard 1988, Gertler and Gilchrist 1994).Stock returns of small firms generally respond more to monetary policy than those of large firms ( Thorbecke 1997, Perez-Quiros and Timmermmann 2000). Some economists (Sprinkle (1964), Homa and Jaffee (1971), Hamburger and Kochin (1972)) in the early 1970,s alleged that past data on money supply could be used to predict future stock returns. These finding where not in line with the efficient market hypothesis which states that all available information should be reflected in current pr ices (Fama, 1970) meaning that anticipated information should not have any effect on current stock prices. Most economists believe that stock prices react differently to the anticipated and unanticipated effects of monetary policy ( Maskay, 2007). The Keynesian economists argue that there is a negative relationship between stock prices and money supply whereas real activity theorists argue that the relationship between the two variables is positive (Sellin, 2001). The Keynesian economists believe that a change in money supply or interest rates will affect stock prices only if the change in the money supply alters expectations about future monetary policy while the real activity economists argue that increase in money supply means that money demand is increasing in anticipation of increase in economic activity (Maskay, 2007). Another factor discussed by Sellin (2001) is the risk premium hypothesis proposed by Cornell i.e higher money supply indicates higher money demand and higher money demand suggests increased risk which leads investors to demand higher risk premiums for holding stocks making them less attractive. The real activity and risk premium hypothesis is combined by Bernanke and Kuttner (2005) who argue that the price of a stock is a function of the present value of future returns and the perceived risk in holding the stock. While advocates of the efficient market hypothesis hold that all available information is included in the price of a stock, the opponents argue otherwise and that stock prices can also be affected by unanticipated changes in money (Corrado and Jordan, 2005). The effect of anticipated and unanticipated changes in money supply on stock prices was analyzed by Sorensen (1982) who found out that unanticipated changes in money supply have a larger impact on the stock market than anticipated changes. Bernanke and Kuttner (2005) on the other hand analyze the impact of announced and unannounced changes in the federal funds rate and f ind that the stock market reacts more to unannounced changes than to announced changes in the federal funds rate which is also in line with the efficient market hypothesis. Studies by Husain and Mahmood (1999) have opposing results. They analyze the relationship between the money supply and changes (long run and short run) in stock market prices and find that changes in money supply causes changes in stock prices both in the short run and long run implying that the efficient market hypothesis does not always hold. Maskay(2007) analyzes the relationship between money supply and stock prices. He also seperates money supply into anticipated and unanticipated components and adds consumer confidence, real GDP and unemployment rate as control variables. The result from his analysis shows that there is a positive relationship between changes in the money supply and the stock prices thereby supporting the real activity the theorists. The result from his analysis on the effect of anticipa ted and unanticipated change in the money supply on stock market prices shows that anticipated changes in money supply matters more than unanticipated changes. This supports the critics of the efficient market hypothesis. According to Cecchetti, et al. (2000), macroeconomic performance can be improved if the central bank increases the short-term nominal interest rate in response to temporary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“bubble shocksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? that raise the stock price index above the value implied by economic fundamentals. On the other hand, Bernanke and Gertler (2001) assumed in their research that the Central Bank cannot tell whether an increase in stock prices is driven by a bubble shock or a fundamental shock. This study will analyze both exogenous and endogenous components of the relationship between monetary policy and the stock market i.e the effect of monetary policy on the stock market and the the effect if any of the stock market on monetary policy decisions. This particular analysis will be done using the federal funds rate as a representative of monetary policy. We also follow the methodology used by Maskay (2007) closely as we try to find the effect of money supply on the stock market. Although Maskay used M2 as a measure of money supply, this study will separate money supply into M1 and M2 and analyze their relationship with the stock prices. Following from the theory and review of literature, this paper is aimed at answering the following questions: How do movements in the stock market affect monetary policy decisions on federal funds rates? How does monetary policy affect stock market prices? Do stock market prices react differently to the M1 and M2 components of money supply? RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The effect of stock market prices on monetary policy. In this section, I test for the relationship between monetary policy and stock prices using the Taylor rule. The Taylor rule is a monetary policy rule that stipulates how much the central bank would or should change the nominal interest rate in response to the divergence of actual inflation rates from target inflation rates and of actual GDP from potential GDP. The rule is written as; it = r*t + ÃŽÂ ² (à Ã¢â€š ¬ tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à Ã¢â€š ¬*t) +ÃŽÂ ³ (yt Ã…Â ·t)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (1) Where; it = target short-term nominal interest rate. r*t = assumed equilibrium real interest rate. à Ã¢â€š ¬t = the observed rate of inflation. à Ã¢â€š ¬*t = the desired rate of inflation. yt = the logarithm of real GDP. Ã…Â ·t = the potential output. But, to analyze the behavior of monetary policy, the following regression equation is estimated; it = ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ²Et(à Ã¢â€š ¬ t+ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à Ã¢â€š ¬*t+i) +ÃŽÂ ³Et (yt+i+ Ã…Â ·t+i)+ÃŽÂ µt à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..(2) Where: Et = the expected value conditional to information available at the time. A good conduct of monetary policy should have ÃŽÂ ² and ÃŽÂ ± each equal to 0.5 as suggested by John Taylor. To conduct our study, we use the following equation; it = ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ²Et(à Ã¢â€š ¬ t+ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à Ã¢â€š ¬*t+i) +ÃŽÂ ³Et (yt+i+ Ã…Â ·t+i)+à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´k à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦t-k + ÃŽÂ µt ..(3) Because the monetary authorities target variables other than inflation and output deviations from the target (asset prices in this case) thereby making equation (2) mis-specified. A standard Taylor rule is well specified when the monetary authorities target only inflation and output deviations from the target. The addition to this variable is the lagged change in asset prices which is added in order to determine the relationship between monetary policy and stock prices. The data for the CPI (Consumer Price Index), real GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and the federal funds rate are obtained from the IMF Washington website while the data for SP 500 Index are obtained from the Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) of the Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis website; www.federalreserve.gov. The effect of monetary policy on stock market prices. In this section, we test whether movements in stock prices are sometimes dependent on monetary policy. This test is carried out by regressing the actual change in federal funds rates upon the SP 500 index. We us the following simple model for this purpose: SP500 = ÃŽÂ ²1 + ÃŽÂ ²2*actual change in federal funs rate + ÃŽÂ ²3*real GDP + ÃŽÂ ²4* unemployment rate. Real GDP and Unemployment rate are added as control variables. The data for real GDP is obtained from IMF, Washington while the data for unemployment rates in obtained from www.federalreserves.gov. We add GDP because it is an important determinant of the stock prices as most industries react to changes in the economy and do well as the economy does well and vice versa i.e they are procyclical in nature. When the GDP is low, the stock prices generally tend to be low, as the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance would be worse than before. A direct, positive relationship is expected between stock prices and the GDP. Unemployment rate is also used as a control variable in this model because it is one of the major factors that determines the demand for stocks thereby either driving the stock prices up or down. When the unemployment rate is high, demand for stock reduces as less people can afford to buy them and this subsequently drives down stock prices and vice versa. The unemp loyment rate is also a proxy for for overall aggregate demand in the economy ( Maskay, 2007) and when it is low, aggregate demand is high. We expect an inverse relationship between the unemployment rates and stock prices. The effect of M1 and M2 components of money supply on stock prices. In this section, we test the relationship between monetary policy and stock prices from the money supply angle of monetary policy. We use the M1 and M2 components of money supply for this analysis. This is done by first testing the relationship between the percentage change in M1 and the stock prices and then testing the relationship between M2 and the stock market. The simple empirical model used for this test is; SP500 = ÃŽÂ ²1 + ÃŽÂ ²2*%à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  M1 + ÃŽÂ ²3*Real GDP + ÃŽÂ ²4*Unemployment rateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (1) SP500 = ÃŽÂ ² 1+ ÃŽÂ ²2*%à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  M2 + ÃŽÂ ²*3Real GDP + ÃŽÂ ²4*Unemployment rateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. (2) Unemployment rate and real GDP are also used here as control variables for the same reasons given above. The data on percentage change in M1 and M2 were obtained from Federal Reserve Economic Data from the website of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. We were able to get the monthly data of M1 and M2 and then got the quarterly averages to produce the quarterly data. DATA DESCRIPTION In this section, we define and describe the various data used in this study. We used quarterly data from 1990 to 2009. The variables used in this analysis include; The Federal Funds Rate; The federal funds rate is a monetary policy tool used by the Central Bank/Federal reserve of the country to regulate the economy. Economists believe it has an inverse relationship with stock prices as because when there is an upward movement in stock prices above the desirable level, the federal reserve increases (contractionary) the federal funds rate . This leads to a decrease in the amount of money demanded by individuals thereby causing a lower demand for stocks and pushing down stock prices. We obtained data on the federal funds rate from the website of the federal reserve bank of Louisiana. 2. The Consumer Price Index; A consumer price index (CPI) is an index that estimates the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. It is used in our study to calculate inflation. We do this using the eviews software (100 ÃÆ'— (cpi à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" cpi ( -4)). We obtained the quarterly data on CPI from the website of the International Monetary fund in washington. The CPI has an inverse relationship with monetary policy actions. 3. Real Gross Domestic Product (Real GDP); This can be defined as a measure which adjusts for inflation and reflects the value of all goods and services produced in a given year, expressed in base year prices. Real GDP provides a more accurate figure as it accounts for changes in the price level. The quarterly data on Real GDP is obtained from the website of the International Monetary Fund, Washington. 4. SP 500; It is a capital weighted index of the prices of 500 large-cap common stocks actively traded in the United States. It is believed to have an inverse relationship with monetary policy as an expansionary (interest rate reduction) monetary policy leads to an upward movement of the sp500 index. The quarterly data for the sp500 is obtained from the federal reserve bank of Louisiana. 5. Unemployment Rate; The unemployment rate is used as one of the control variables. It is an important indicator of the wellbeing of an economy. The lower the unemployment rate, the higher the aggregate demand for stock thereby pushing up stock prices. The quarterly data on unemployment rate is obtained from the website of the Federal Reserve Bank of Louisiana. We get the quarterly data by finding quarterly averages from the monthly data provided. 6. Monetary aggregates à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" M1 and M2; M1 is a monetary aggregate and it includes the transaction deposits of banks and cash in circulati on and all other money equivalents that are easily convertible into cash while includes M1 plus short-term deposits in banks and 24-hour money market funds. Money supply has a positive relationship with stock prices because the higher the money supply, the higher the demand for stock which eventually increases stock prices. We split money supply into M1 and M2 to find out if they have the same relationship with stock prices. The quarterly data on percentage change in monetary aggregates is obtained from the website of the federal reserve bank of Louisiana. We also had to calculate the quarterly averages of the monthly data given. DATA ANALYSIS Model 1: The Taylor rule it = r*t + ÃŽÂ ² (à Ã¢â€š ¬ tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à Ã¢â€š ¬*t) +ÃŽÂ ³ (yt à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ã…Â ·t)+ ÃŽÂ µt Dependent Variable: FED_FUNDS_RATE Method: Least Squares Date: 07/05/10 Time: 20:19 Sample(adjusted): 1991:1 2009:4 Included observations: 76 after adjusting endpoints Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 3.615513 1.220783 2.961634 0.0041 INFLATION 0.684264 0.156212 4.380348 0.0000 OUTPUT_GAP -1.42E-06 9.83E-07 -1.442803 0.1534 R-squared 0.249642 Mean dependent var 3.860658 Adjusted R-squared 0.229085 S.D. dependent var 1.686064 S.E. of regression 1.480394 Akaike info criterion 3.661167 Sum squared resid 159.9844 Schwarz criterion 3.753170 Log likelihood -136.1244 F-statistic 12.14348 Durbin-Watson stat 0.181830 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000028 The estimation results are; it =3.62 + 0.68(à Ã¢â€š ¬ tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à Ã¢â€š ¬*t) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1.42 (yt à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ã…Â ·t) The coefficient associated to inflation is positive, 0.68, but is statistically significant with a p-value of 0.00. The coefficient associated with the output gap is negative (-1.42) and statistically significant. The estimated stabilizing rate of interest (c) is positive (3.61) and statistically significant. An R-squared of 0.25 means that we are only able to explain about 25% of the variability in the interest rate. The augmented taylor rule model: it = ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ²Et(à Ã¢â€š ¬ t+ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à Ã¢â€š ¬*t+i) +ÃŽÂ ³Et (yt+i+ Ã…Â ·t+i)+à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´1 à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦t-1 + ÃŽÂ µt one lag Dependent Variable: FED_FUNDS_RATE Method: Least Squares Date: 07/05/10 Time: 21:30 Sample(adjusted): 1991:3 2009:4 Included observations: 74 after adjusting endpoints Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 8.298961 1.280893 6.479044 0.0000 INFLATION_F 0.548999 0.181198 3.029825 0.0034 OUTPUT_GAP_F -9.10E-06 1.51E-06 -6.041926 0.0000 S(-1) 4.24E-05 7.35E-06 5.775767 0.0000 R-squared 0.442430 Mean dependent var 3.809595 Adjusted R-squared 0.418534 S.D. dependent var 1.678852 S.E. of regression 1.280190 Akaike info criterion 3.384432 Sum squared resid 114.7220 Schwarz criterion 3.508976 Log likelihood -121.2240 F-statistic 18.51494 Durbin-Watson stat 0.214690 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 Interpretation: The estimated regression is; it = 8.30 + 0.55Et(à Ã¢â€š ¬ t+ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à Ã¢â€š ¬*t+i) -9.10Et (yt+i+ Ã…Â ·t+i)+4.24à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦t-k The coefficient associated to expected inflation is positive (0.55) but is statistically significant because it has a p-value of 0f 0.003, the coefficient associated with expected output gap is negative (-9.10) and is statistically significant (p-value = 0.000). The coefficient associated with the ch ange in asset prices (lagged by 1 for better estimation) which is denoted by S (-1) is negative and it is statistically significant therefore we reject the null hypothesis. The measure of goodness of fit (R-square) is 0.44 meaning that we are able to explain about 44% of the variability in the interest rate Our model consistently overestimates the actual interest rate and the residuals do not seem to be independently and identically distributed. We therefore conduct some tests which include: 1. The Jacque-Bera test: This is a statistic that measures the difference of the skewness and kurtosis of the series with those from a normal distribution. By simply looking at the histogram, we can see that the distribution is roughly normal and the jarque-bera statistic of 0.58 shows that it is not statistically significant and we should accept the null hypothesis. The white test: This is used to test whether the errors are heteroskedastic or not. In the presence of heteroskedastic ity, OLS estimates are consistent but efficient. White Heteroskedasticity Test: F-statistic 3.846209 Probability 0.000621 Obs*R-squared 25.97528 Probability 0.002062 Test Equation: Dependent Variable: RESID^2 Method: Least Squares Date: 07/06/10 Time: 00:41 Sample: 1991:3 2009:4 Included observations: 74 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C -35.28961 24.46199 -1.442630 0.1540 INFLATION_F -5.419657 3.008210 -1.801622 0.0763 INFLATION_F^2 0.307231 0.200286 1.533961 0.1300 INFLATION_F*OUTPUT_GAP_F 5.95E-06 2.83E-06 2.105586 0.0392 INFLATION_F*S(-1) -2.78E-05 1.73E-05 -1.603361 0.1138 OUTPUT_GAP_F 9.90E-05 5.34E-05 1.852558 0.0686 OUTPUT_GAP_F^2 -6.19E-11 2.74E-11 -2.257288 0.0274 OUTPUT_GAP_F*S(-1) 3.35E-10 1.43E-10 2.337290 0.0226 S(-1) -0.000309 0.000140 -2.205282 0.0310 S(- 1)^2 -7.97E-11 5.33E-10 -0.149679 0.8815 R-squared 0.351017 Mean dependent var 1.550298 Adjusted R-squared 0.259754 S.D. dependent var 1.968439 S.E. of regression 1.693596 Akaike info criterion 4.016674 Sum squared resid 183.5692 Schwarz criterion 4.328034 Log likelihood -138.6169 F-statistic 3.846209 Durbin-Watson stat 0.580160 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000621 According to the two test statistics involved in the regression result, we can say that the distribution is statistically significant so we can reject null hypothesis. The Durbin-Watson test: This is used to test for serial correlation. Autocorrelated residuals means that OLS is no longer best, linear, unbiased estimators and that the standard errors computed using the OLS formula are not correct. The Durbin-Watson statistic of 0.214690 shows that there is positive serial correlation as DW 2 and since there are more than 50 observations in the sample (74), this also indicates strong first-order serial correlation. Model 2: SP500 = ÃŽÂ ²1 + ÃŽÂ ²2 federal funds rate + ÃŽÂ ²3real GDP + ÃŽÂ ²4unemployment rate. The aim of this model is to determine if the federal funds rate has any impact on the stock market. Real GDP and unemployment rate are used as control variables for reasons given in the research methodology. Dependent Variable: SP500 Method: Least Squares Date: 07/06/10 Time: 01:38 Sample: 1990:1 2009:4 Included observations: 80 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C -115.7008 222.2313 -0.520632 0.6041 FED_FUNDS_RATE 0.990301 12.96436 0.076386 0.9393 REAL_GDP01 0.159538 0.010327 15.44916 0.0000 UNEMPLOYMENT_RATE -119.5674 17.42177 -6.863101 0.0000 R-squared 0.872734 Mean dependent var 924.0339 Adjusted R-squared 0.867710 S.D. dependent var 378.2205 S.E. of regression 137.5651 Akaike info criterion 12.73478 Sum squared resid 1438237. Schwarz criterion 12.85388 Log likelihood -505.3912 F-statistic 173.7244 Durbin-Watson stat 0.350064 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 Interpretation: The estimated regression is: sp500 =-115.78 + 0.99*actual change in federal funds rate + 0.16*real GDP à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 119.57* unemployment rate. The coefficient associated with the federal funds rate is negative and is not statistically significant. The coefficient associated with the real GDP is positive and is statistically significant while the coefficient associated with the employment is negative but statistically significant. An R-square of 0.87 shows that we are able to explain about 87% of the variability in the sp500. Model 3: SP500 = ÃŽÂ ²1 + ÃŽÂ ²2*%à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  M1 + ÃŽÂ ²3*Real GDP + ÃŽÂ ²4*Unemployment rate Dependent Variable: SP500 Method: Least Squares Date: 07/06/10 Time: 02:20 Sample: 1990:1 2009:4 Included observations: 80 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 46.44939 148.8335 0.312090 0.7558 M1 9.337596 5.174957 1.804382 0.0751 REAL_GDP01 0.157616 0.008466 18.61858 0.0000 UNEMPLOYMENT_RATE -150.2864 20.48732 -7.335580 0.0000 R-squared 0.877952 Mean dependent var 924.0339 Adjusted R-squared 0.873135 S.D. dependent var 378.2205 S.E. of regression 134.7151 Akaike info criterion 12.69291 Sum squared resid 1379261. Schwarz criterion 12.81201 Log likelihood -503.7163 F-statistic 182.2360 Durbin-Watson stat 0.378905 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 The estimated regression is: SP500 = 46.45 + 9.34%à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  M1 + 0.16Real GDP à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 150.29Unemployment rate Interpretation: The coefficient associated with the %à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  M1 is positive and it is not statistically significant. The coefficient associated with real GDP is positive and it is statistically independent while the coefficient associated with the unemployment rate is negative and it is statistically significant. The R-square shows that we are able to explain 87% of the variability of the sp500. Although the actual and fitted line moves at almost the same frequency, the residual line is independently and identically distributed. This shows that their might be a misspecification in the model. The histogram shows that it is not very normal and the jarque-bera statistic shows that we cannot reject the null hypothesis. White Heteroskedasticity Test: F-statistic 15.31572 Probability 0.000000 Obs*R-squared 53.05639 Probability 0.000000 Test Equation: Dependent Variable: RESID^2 Method: Least Squares Date: 07/06/10 Time: 02:46 Sam ple: 1990:1 2009:4 Included observations: 80 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 970357.2 210038.1 4.619911 0.0000 M1 29162.57 7778.598 3.749077 0.0004 M1^2 75.30446 198.5262 0.379317 0.7056 M1*REAL_GDP01 -0.795715 0.540692 -1.471661 0.1456 M1*UNEMPLOYMENT_RATE -3397.373 1332.934 -2.548792 0.0130 REAL_GDP01 -68.28240 28.44182 -2.400775 0.0190 REAL_GDP01^2 0.001171 0.001082 1.082364 0.2828 REAL_GDP01*UNEMPLOYMENT_RATE 7.582585 2.401815 3.157023 0.0024 UNEMPLOYMENT_RATE -211388.2 28973.71 -7.295863 0.0000 UNEMPLOYMENT_RATE^2 11536.47 2587.237 4.458994 0.0000 R-squared 0.663205 Mean dependent var 17240.76 Adjusted R-squared 0.619903 S.D. dependent var 26363.86 S.E. of regression 16253.85 Akaike info criterion 22.34652 Sum squared resid 1.85E+10 Schwarz criterio n 22.64427 Log likelihood -883.8607 F-statistic 15.31572 Durbin-Watson stat 1.553060 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 The two statistics in the white test show that evidence of no heteroskedasticity exists. SP500 = ÃŽÂ ² 1+ ÃŽÂ ²2*%à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  M2 + ÃŽÂ ²*3Real GDP + ÃŽÂ ²4*Unemployment rate Dependent Variable: SP500 Method: Least Squares Date: 07/06/10 Time: 02:25 Sample: 1990:1 2009:4 Included observations: 80 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C -87.42922 124.7649 -0.700752 0.4856 M2 13.44679 8.028875 1.674804 0.0981 REAL_GDP01 0.149376 0.010252 14.56981 0.0000 UNEMPLOYMENT_RATE -117.0021 12.34845 -9.475044 0.0000 R-squared 0.877254 Mean dependent var 924.0339 Adjusted R-squared 0.872409 S.D. dependent var 378.2205 S.E. of regression 135.0999 Akaike info criterion 12.69861 Sum squared resid 138 7151. Schwarz criterion 12.81771 Log likelihood -503.9445 F-statistic 181.0553 Durbin-Watson stat 0.372533 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 The estimated regression is: SP500 = -87.43 + 13.44%à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  M2 + 0.15Real GDP à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 117.00Unemployment rate Interpretation: The coefficients of M2 and real GDP are both positive while that of the unemployment rate is negative while the p-values show that real GDP and unemployment rate are statistically significant while M2 is not. The R-squared shows that we are able to explain the variability of the SP500 by 87%. This diagram shows that the actual and fitted lines do not move at exactly the same frequency but are close enough while the residual line is better than that of the M2 showing that it is not quite independently and identically distributed. From the histogram, we can see that the distribution is roughly distributed and the jarque-bera shows that the null hypothesis cannot b e rejected. White Heteroskedasticity Test: F-statistic 4.750272 Probability 0.000061 Obs*R-squared 30.33367 Probability 0.000385 Test Equation: Dependent Variable: RESID^2 Method: Least Squares Date: 07/06/10 Time: 02:49 Sample: 1990:1 2009:4 Included observations: 80 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C 746131.3 254782.4 2.928504 0.0046 M2 10672.81 13299.74 0.802483 0.4250 M2^2 -504.8870 659.6998 -0.765328 0.4466 M2*REAL_GDP01 1.417689 1.591493 0.890792 0.3761 M2*UNEMPLOYMENT_RATE -3338.505 1401.946 -2.381336 0.0200 REAL_GDP01 -85.91669 37.86747 -2.268879 0.0264 REAL_GDP01^2 0.001707 0.001357 1.257810 0.2126 REAL_GDP01*UNEMPLOYMENT_RATE 7.019909 2.298457 3.054183 0.0032 UNEMPLOYMENT_RATE -97773.44 21069.03 -4.640624 0.0000 UNEMPLOYMENT_RATE^2 2824.279 1386.827 2.0 36504 0.0455 R-squared 0.379171 Mean dependent var 17339.39 Adjusted R-squared 0.299350 S.D. dependent var 25364.16 S.E. of regression 21231.03 Akaike info criterion 22.88078 Sum squared resid 3.16E+10 Schwarz criterion 23.17854 Log likelihood -905.2313 F-statistic 4.750272 Durbin-Watson stat 1.045072 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000061 The relevant statistics in this test show that the residuals are heteroskedastic. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The result of this study shows that there is a negative relationship between changes in asset prices and federal funds rates confirming that changes an increase in asset prices leads to a decrease in the federal funds rates ( i.e expansionary monetary policy). This is in line with the arguments of most of the economists who have carried out research on this topic. Model 2 provides results which show that there is a negative relationship between the federal funds rate even when the sp500 is used as the dependent variable and that the relationship is statistically insignificant which shows that the federal funds rate does not have much of an impact on the sp500. The third model which studies the relationship between money supply and asset prices shows that while there is a positive relationship between money supply and asset prices, both regressions (involving M1 and M2) are not statistically significant. I would recommend that the central bank continues to closely monitor t he stock market in order to make the necessary adjustments to the economy when necessary. It is also important that the federal government does not try to regulate stock market prices using federal fund rates because there is very little impact of federal funds rates on the stock market. Finally, I recommend that although money supply is positively related to the stock market, it does not matter if a particular monetary aggregate is used. The FOMC should focus on ensuring that the money supply is moderate and does not lead to inflation and increase in price levels in the economy

Online Education Options in Healthcare 2019

Online schools provide an abundance of opportunities for aspiring healthcare professionals, including almost any administrative or non-medical healthcare career that you can think of. There are some schools that offer online Registered Nursing programs. Both the University of Phoenix Online and Kaplan University offer bachelor of science degrees to individuals who are already working as registered nurses. There are a number of specialized skills and administrative aspects behind the healthcare industry. A majority of the skills necessary can be obtained through the provisions of online educational institutions. These colleges and universities are certified, and the degrees are authentic. Certifications, as well as bachelors, masters, and doctorates degrees can be acquired online in the various disciplines under non-medical healthcare professions. Kaplan University offers certification programs in case management, forensic nursing, legal nurse consulting, geriatric care management, and life care planning. These programs for registered nurses who need to specialize in order to qualify for a certain position. Kaplan also provides a health care management bachelors degree program. .u9635b95a6b1d1c2f2d0cfcc1c7e95068 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u9635b95a6b1d1c2f2d0cfcc1c7e95068:active, .u9635b95a6b1d1c2f2d0cfcc1c7e95068:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u9635b95a6b1d1c2f2d0cfcc1c7e95068 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u9635b95a6b1d1c2f2d0cfcc1c7e95068 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u9635b95a6b1d1c2f2d0cfcc1c7e95068 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u9635b95a6b1d1c2f2d0cfcc1c7e95068:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Put Creative Talents to Use with a Bachelor's Degree in Interior DesignCase management has to do with health insurance. Individuals in case management are responsible for decisions related to which treatments are covered by insurance, and handing claim disputes. Case managers are also involved in the clinical testing of drugs during pre-release, in the biotech field. There is certainly a growing need for individuals to fill such positions. Online bachelors and graduate degrees in health administration are available at Kennedy Western University. The University of Phoenix Online offers masters programs in nursing and healthcare management, healthcare administration, and business administration with a specialization in healthcare administration. Healthcare management degrees are also offered at Ashworth College, who also offers public health classes. Anyone interested in working towards a degree in healthcare administration should think about where they want to end up working specifically. Health administration is a broad label, that encompasses a number of different focuses. It will be helpful to decide on a concentration, like clinic management or public health, before embarking on the path to your degree. .u7bcf05a95439cba774112578c1845dd3 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u7bcf05a95439cba774112578c1845dd3:active, .u7bcf05a95439cba774112578c1845dd3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u7bcf05a95439cba774112578c1845dd3 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u7bcf05a95439cba774112578c1845dd3 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u7bcf05a95439cba774112578c1845dd3 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u7bcf05a95439cba774112578c1845dd3:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ North Dakota Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus Based Education in North DakotaRelated ArticlesRN to Bachelor of Science in Nursing 10 Highest Paying Nursing Specialties in ColoradoOnline Degrees In Healthcare AdministrationStudent Health Care Plans for School NursesBachelor Business Degree in Management of Information Systems Enter an IT Career in the Business EnvironmentHealth Care Management College DegreesBSN Nursing Schools Nursing Informatics Combines Nursing with Information Technology

Google Adsense An Advertisement - 1285 Words

Those who work with Web sites are all familiar with Google Adsense. Many people also place ads on the site, click and fall but get a lot less money. We will discuss some of this about how to earn more ads today. First Let s Know What is Google Adsense.... What is Google Adsense Google Adsense, Google the company is an ads unit. For Example: If you have a website or a YouTube Video Channel, you can ask Google to me that I want to advertise on this website or video Channel. When you Google ads on your site or video that goes with that, and when people click on ads or see, you pay Google. Google takes the money from the advertising of the original owner of the company. The money from the Google website or blog owners to pay 68% of the†¦show more content†¦4.Create Disclaimer Page Publish at least 25-30 content, of which 8-10 content is more than 1500+ wards and the rest is more than 700+ wards. 5.No copy/paste content can be published. 6.Do some SEO work for the blog and wait until it comes to some search traffic every day. 7.If you have used any other ad network ads, delete them. How to Sing Up for Google Adsense Account 1.When your blog is created and matches the above conditions, you can apply for a Google AdSense account. To apply for a Google AdSense account, first you have to go to this address and click on the Gate Started Now button. 2.Now if you want to sign-up with any of your previous Gmail accounts, click on Yes, Proceed to Google Account Sign-In button. 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Analysis and Design of an E-Commerce Site

Question: Describe about the Analysis and Design of an E-Commerce Site. Answer: The issues that can be addressed from the above addressed research questions are Issue 1 - Consumer behaviour is a tangible thing that defines the success of the business and it cannot be defined with a single factors. There is no one factor and one method to design e-commerce website design. Issue 2 - There is no formula or an automated process to measure and test efficiency of the website of the commerce, towards making an efficient and effective design of the website. Issue 3 - Web analytics have greater influence on the e-commerce website design and it changes dynamically and consistently, so the e-commerce website design becomes a greater issue. Issue 1 Consumer Behaviour The evolution of the e-commerce, has been based on the consumer and organization behaviour. The buying behaviour of consumer is greatly influenced by effective design of the e-commerce website. According to Kalakota and Whinston, e-commerce can be defined as the buying and selling of information products and services through network of computers, where the computer network in this context, primarily indicating the internet (Buettner Ricardo, 2016). However, the term has been used to encompass not only the activities of buying and selling, as specified above, but also the using of the technologies of the internet, such as intranets, emails for sharing and exchanging the information either with the external stakeholders or the stakeholders within the firm (Power Mihael, 2013). There are other definitions of the e-commerce and according to them, e-commerce is referred to the strategies, procedures, policies needed for supporting the electronic interaction incorporation to the business environment. A better and comprehensive e-Commerce definition, among various definitions can be the ability of performing the business transactions and complete contracts that involve services and goods exchange, between two or among more than two parties with the help of internet, electronic and / or telecommunication tools techniques, strategies and policies. During the twenty first century, the companies have started establishing their presence online with the vision and purpose of maintaining their competitive edge. Internet has become a great potential and essential tool, because of high speed internet connections, and eventually, businesses started competing both domestically and globally. The rapid growth of depth and breadth of the internet has changed the ways that the most businesses do operate. And e-Commerce has been enabled by internet and started offering both the businesses and customers, as a unique channel for offering and purchasing services and goods. These business relationships have been created, transformed and strengthened by using the inter-networked computers, used by e-Commerce. Electronic commerce exists in various groups and some of the groups that are Business-to-Business (B2B), Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C), Business-to-Consumer (B2C). Business-to-Business: The roots of the B2B exist from the networks of Electronic Data Exchange (EDI) that have been established in between the businesses, organizations and their respective suppliers, manufacturers of the related industry. Companies started conducting their businesses right from prospecting towards processing of the order and online delivery. The e-commerce of B2B consists of use of exchanges over the marketplaces that are based on internet, in which the companies that participate can sell or purchase a wide range of products, where some of them are specific to the specific industry and some of them are generic across industries (Ewaryst et al., 2009). Business-to-Customer: B2C, which is a popular and greatly successful e-Commerce business has been introduced and conducting throughout the world, in which the companies started offering the products and services online over their websites and wherein the consumer access their websites and start purchasing the products and services. Consumer-to-Consumer: Apart from the major e-Commerce B2B and B2C transactions, interactions and transactions of e-Commerce may have other kinds, majorly consumer-to-consumer interactions and transactions. The interaction and transactions are performed among the individual consumers, within the organization, in the form of private auctions and sales. Business-to-Business-to-Consumer: These e-commerce organizations offer some of their own products and services to the businesses of the client, which maintain their own customer base for business. For example, eBay can be the best example, which offers a virtual marketplace to their customers, who can be either individuals or even businesses that sell the products to their own customers, through eBay. Government-to-Business: G2B e-commerce enable the organizations of the government to provide interaction, information, services and businesses to companies. Government-to-Consumer: G2C e-commerce allow the organizations of government to offer the interaction, information, services and business to consumers. Peer-to-Peer: P2P e-commerce offer the peer computers that are networked to process and share the data among themselves directly and it can be used in other e-commerce modes, B2B, B2C and B2B. Location-based Commerce: L-commerce offer the transactions of the m-commere to target at individuals at specific locations during specific durations, similar to the navigation systems used in the cars. Mobile Commerce: M-commerce allow the e-commerce activities, such as interactions and transactions to be conducted through wireless and so these operations and so products and services can be purchased through cell phones. Collaborative Commerce: C-commerce allow groups or individuals to collaborate and communicate online, by creating such environment. Intra-business e-commerce: It allows all the activities of the internal organizations, which involve activities, such as exchange of services, goods or information. ICT and Business Information and Communication Technology or ICT is equally an important integral part of the e-commerce, similar to the information technology. According to the reports after the surveys, there is an estimation of 20 million workers in the UK involve in using ICT in some or the other form. Eventually, running ICT to deliver the value has become crucial for healthier business (Ahmed Iqbal, 2009). The enterprise systems are well integrated with information technology and information and communication technology systems connecting various functions related to the business. Some of the examples of these enterprise are, Customer Relationship Management, Enterprise Resource Planning, Product Lifecycle Management and Supply Chain Management, etc. They are referred as integration tools. And when these tools are implemented properly, they could enhance productivity, through maintaining huge corporate data, by automating work process and satisfying the requirements of the regulatory compliance. Information and communication technology support e-Commerce to facilitate further, by providing necessary channels for architectures of the e-commerce, like Electronic Fund Transfer and Electronic Data Interchange. EFT Electronic Fund Transfer is a method used to transfer funds from an individual or an organization to another, electronically, like EFTPOS (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale) that provides transfer of money automatically, to the seller, from buyer during the sale. EDI Electronic Data Exchange involves information exchange among various companies, by the help of the computer network, like the internet. It involves data exchanges among the computers, such as orders, invoices and various business documents. So, the end result would be improving the efficiency and savings of the cost, since, the possible errors can be minimized, which occur if the information has to be entered repeatedly into the computers, more than once (Eisingerich et al., 2008). In addition to that, EDI provides a mechanism that enables the e-commerce for the companies to sell, trade and buy the information, by making it easily accessible. EDI systems are embraced by major corporations in the market of B2B, towards improving the efficiency and reducing the costs and increasing the competitiveness. The EDI system in the retail market, it allows the retailer for implementing the strategies that give quick responses that would eventually reduce the overall time that they should hold merchandise in terms of inventory and it would end up in savings of the cost for the retailer. ERP Enterprise Resource Planning system has been embedded with best practices and provides the best ways to perform the business activities, based on academic theory or common business practices. The ERP software has the aim for improving interaction and co-operation in between various departments in the organizations, like manufacturing, planning, marketing, purchasing and customer service departments. ERP stands as an effective managerial tool and enabling key technology that allows companies to integrate the functions, in all the levels and utilising various applications of ERP, like Accounting management, financial management, Supply-chain Management, Customer Relationship Management and Human Resources Management. These applications stand as the best examples, representing large, computerised, complex and integrated information systems that an influence the success of business in long0term, strongly. ERP is evolved into the form that they are in present, from accounting tools implemented by large corporations for processing of payroll during 1950s. According to Bernroider and Tang, ERP was evolved for financial controlling initially, but started covering the total stock management process later. Production process was automated with Materials Requirement Planning during 1970s, through scheduling of material purchasing and operations, based on the current and forecasted requirements related to the finished goods and production facility constraints. The later versions of the MRP, II, coordinated the total process, during 1980s right from materials and parts purchase planning towards distribution. Initially, the term, ERP used first time by Garner Group during early 1990s and later have included automated parts and multiple applications related to the business. The major consideration and interest in this project is the B2C e-Commerce, since it is concerned majorly with the uninterrupted access provision to the products and services of the organization to the consumers, limiting or removing the boundaries geographically. It can be achieved traditionally, by developing an online virtual shop. The architecture of the e-commerce is built with various components, such as product catalogues, shopping carts, payment mechanisms and order forms and coordination and relationships among these components (Eurostat, 2013). The primary and major advantage of the systems of the e-commerce is that small businesses is that the total set up cost for virtual business online stands low, when compared to the set up required for traditional premises for physical business, which involve various costs incurred, such as operational costs, wages daily and rent, etc. The behaviour of the consumer can be well driven by an effective website design and tend them towards buying the products. It needs certain e-commerce marketing strategies to be followed. Having exploring all the above evolution of the e-commerce application, which is considered and perceived to be positive behaviour of the consumer, there can be many strategies applied for influencing the behaviour of the consumer. The website design needs internet marketing strategy that helps in direct contact in between the business house and consumer that also allows the companies to sell their products through advertising in a much better and easier ways. It is important to conduct B2C campaigns to implement and deploy the tactics and strategies, such as offering coupons, discounts, limited time deals, offering vouchers to mobilize the markets targeted, towards buying the products both online and offline (Millward, 2016). Issue 2 How to design, measure and test efficiency of e-commerce website The e-commerce website has to be designed with various components and dimensions followed, by keeping various aspects of the website into consideration (Burgess, et al., 2009). The newly hanging trend in the domain of e-commerce has been associated with utilization of the software to improve communication, internet related technology, collaboration, information sharing and web functionality and it is defined commonly as Web 2.0. The purpose and primary objective of the Web 2.0 is proliferation of interactivity and connectivity of the web-delivered content, which enable the users to not only obtain the information from the data owned by the website over the internet, but also gain a good control over this data and adding the value to the application of the e-commerce, as the consumer keeps using it. The major and key applications and services of Web 2.0 are as the following . Podcast These are audio recordings that are usually stand in MP3 format for various lectures, talks and interviews and they can be played over the computer or any kind of MP3 devices. Blog It is also called as a web-long and this webpage consists of user views, opniions, links and information briefly and these posts are chronologically arranged within a format of menu-driven. Wiki Wiki is a single or set of web pages that can be accessible by anyone with access privileges and can be edited easily. One best example of wiki is , Wikipedia, which is a free encyclopedia on the internet. Multimedia Sharing These services facilitate the user to store and share the multimedia content, like photos, video, podcasts, etc. RSS RSS is considered as a huge family for formats that help to find out various updates to the RSS-enabeld websites content, podcasts or blogs, without need to open and visit the site. Information can be collected from the website, within a feed and piped to the consumer through a process called as syndication. Social Networking Various professional social networking sites, such as myspace.com, facebook. com, etc. facilitate the people to meet, find the likeminded people and allow to share the content. The design of the website has to consider these components and platforms to widen the access by the customers and widen visibility over the internet, for the targeted company (OBrien Marakas, 2011). An important factor that can be critical in the design of the web application is the requirement analysis done along with the abstraction, after removing the details that are unnecessary. It is important as it would be cost effective by decreasing the efforts of error correction at later stages. Moreover, it would be easier to perform error correction at the design stage, rather than after implementation stage or during maintenance stage. Formal specifications give precise, unambiguous and correct understanding of the requirements of the users. Requirements of website design for e-commerce There are certain requirements that have to be addressed and met during the design of the website so that the best e-commerce functionalities can be delivered. Some of these requirements are as the following (Burgess et al., 2009). Scalability Though the initial website design is to serve and offer the services to a small number of consumers, it must be upgradable to a huge number of consumers at the later stages and should be able to process much increased number of transactions. Extensibility The system should be enabled to increase the present total number of services, without disturbing or disrupting any of the rest of offered services. Security The database has to be maintained very securely, so that any unauthorized access can be prevented and any kind of disruption and threat to the services and data should be very well prevented. Robustness The e-commerce system has to be enabled to handle and operate many kinds of data that would be needed for proper functioning of the system. Flexibility The new e-commerce system has to be enabled to adapt to the requirements that are ever changing and dynamic in nature, in the dynamic environment. Integrity of information The data among the database to be well integrated for various purposes, such as preserving the data from unintentional attacks, such as malicious malware, virus, etc. and integrity also helps in minimizing the redundancy of the data. Traceability The e-commerce system has to be enabled to be able to provide the details of order history, where, what, when the transactions have taken place, upon requests. Issue 3 Web analytics influence over the e-commerce website design Web analytics consider the success and failure of the e-commerce. The internet and the e-commerce have completely changed the way the businesses digitally operated. E-commerce especially creates new relationships and transform the existing relationships of the business. web applications and web analytics provide the business solutions towards improvement of the products and services quality, increase the service delivery speed and reduce the cost incurred for the business operations. There are many ventures that have failed in the web application development, because these systems are dynamic and very complex and the requirements of users are continuously hanging. Communication between developer and end user is inefficient and it stands as a contributing factor to the failure of the website design. It enable the e-commerce website design and accomplish the web application development successfully, the architecture of the website has to be visually modelled. These visual models help grasping and changing the requirements of the users and communicating effectively to the team of development (Laudon Traver, 2014). Web analytics give a good analysis of various advantages and disadvantage of the e-commerce that help the design of the e-commerce website, by taking them into consideration. Advantages There are enormous benefits of the e-commerce applications and these benefits drive many businesses to enter the digital world on the internet virtual platform. In terms of consumer, this virtual cyberspace becomes a potential environment, where near perfect competition of the companies exist and in which various products can be compared, in terms of price and features, all just in seconds. Many e-commerce websites, such as comparethemarket.com and dealtime.com allow the consumers to find the best deal online for them, all for free of charge. The products and services can be delivered at the door steps, within short period of time and such services can be boon for the elderly or disabled. There are various e-commerce models exist and employed in the metaphor of real world shopping to shop with shopping trolley and easily checkout very easily, and can be operated easily by a day to day internet user. Cyberspace has no limit to the specific geographical location and it helps winning worldwide audience through progressive value creation. The primary reason for proliferation and growth of the e-commerce globally is its ability to create and promote the value for an organization, implementing the e-commerce solutions, for their consumers, suppliers and partners. Here, value creation is perceived as expected or potential and actual results both monetary and non-monetary of e-commerce business model utilization. The monetary results from this creation of value include enhancement of the revenue, through growth of the sales and differentiation of price and reduction in the cost, related to the products sold, saved operating costs, after the implementation and result of the system and asset intensity reduction (Laudon et al., 2014). The first aspect of value creation is the revenue enhancement. It is perceived that the e-commerce creates and develops new channel online to sell the products and services of the company, along with the channels that traditionally exist. This newly added sales volume generated through this new channel, would also facilitate the sales of the products through the channels that exist. For instance, a business that has a physical presence of its office can start acting as processing centers for the orders generated online, and it can be seen in contrast to the opposed to develop a new expense of separate warehouse to deal with these orders. The increase in the revenue can also be associated with the quick and adaptable adjustment of the prices that depend on various segments of the customers. For example, retained customers pay more than new customers pay or the prices of the products that expire very soon can be reduced, preventing the final alternative of the disposing of such products. E-Commerce applications have become a significant source of reduction in cost, which has become the next aspect of value creation. E-commerce enable the opportunities for reduction of the asset intensity, which indicates reduction in the capital costs, by faster disposition through sales, of any old or unnecessary equipment and also obsolete or excess inventory and also by using the existing space by reducing the clutters of inventory. Disadvantages Not all the products can be represented well in cyberspace effectively, like CDs, books, software, etc. It is because the products, like cloths, appliances, audio, video equipment cannot give a clear picture of how they look and how they operate, as they cannot experiment, before buying online. So, the design of the website of the e-commerce application has to be very effective to overcome these issues. Another important disadvantage is the legislation dilemma. E-business is different from the traditional business, as they are well separated by the electronic transactions. Who has jurisdiction, when an electronic transaction takes place? Who own and win authority to apply the existing laws over these electronic transactions. Security of E-Commerce System The web analytics obtained day to day indicate and emphasize the importance and impact of the security of the e-commerce system, in order to perform safer transactions and preserve the credentials of the company and users, without any third party intervention (Benjamin et al., 2006). Risk Analysis Web design aspects have to consider the risk analysis seriously, as the e-commerce system, which is an electronic system should be automated in a secured environment. The security of the e-commerce is more exacting, because of the necessity to safer processes executed both internally and externally. The infrastructure needed to protect the company and the respective credentials of the respective stakeholders becomes crucial, especially, when businesses get realized with great or ful potential of internet. The website design and development aspects needed to consider in this security concern are varied, but must ensure to cover, what the components are more critical and more vulnerable, which information needs to be confidential and has ot be well protected, how to ensrue the confidentiality, what kind of system of authentication has to be assigned and developed, which system of intrusion detection should be enabled with installation, who should be accoutabel and responsible for insta llation and configuration of the infrastructure of the critical e-business, what kind of plans are needed to developed to ensure that they are in place to ensure minimum service disruption or continuity, etc. The anonymous nature of the cyberspace, raises the concerns of security, trust and privacy in the e-commerce applications and the web design aspects have to counter-act against each of these concerns, boldly. The solutions proposed must consider the following attacks to the system of e-commerce (Gilber Alorie, 2004). Background attacks The background of websites of the e-shop can be changed by the hacker. SQL Injection It is subset of unauthorized or unverified vulnerability input entered by the user and the application that runs the code of SQL could be convinced to get the access to the data that is confidential. Vulnerabilities of Admin Control Panel If the control panel fo the merchant is weak, it can be controlled by the usual behaviour of elevate the privileges of the hacker. Price Manipulation It may be occurred, when the hacker is intended to change the price of the product. Vulnerability of Weak Login Forms Either of the two login pages, one for the merchant and one for the customer can be accessed if there is any weak login combination is compromised. Buffer Overflow It is an anomalous condition, in which data is attempted to store beyond the fixed-length buffer boundaries. Denial of Service Attack A hacker can connect to a public serer, through free and unlimited accoutns of dial-up originating from any country and disrupt the performance intensive pages to strain the web server and disrupt its regular and normal services to be provided for the end users. Vulnerability of Data Leakage A malicious hacker can iterate the database query that can be visible, as part of the URL, especially for the websites that are database-driven. Cross-site Scripting It occurs, when the malicious scripts are introduced to a dynamic form, allowing capturing information during private sessions. Spam Harvesting and Relaying The email addressed from the contact forms can be modified for the purpose of anonymous mail or relay spam or even to bomb mailboxes. Eventually, the design and development aspects of the e-commerce website should start practicing, the following for secured transactions. Regular data back up Protection with antivirus and anti-spyware User training Use of encryption The lessons learned from the above review of the huge reports available online and offline, are the following. E-Commerce applications are potentially beneficial to both the company and consumer. Design aspects can influence the buying behaviour of the consumers to a great extent. It is important to consider huge factors, both internal and external during the website design, so that further issues can be minimized. A detailed analysis of opportunities and threats, has to be conducted before the website design. Literature Review Conclusion The three research questions are addressed with relative aspects during the literature review. The consumer behaviour is explored by understanding thee evolution of the e-commerce, driven by the consumer behaviour. The ways of designing and its influencing factors are explored. Finally, the web analytics are discussed to consider before, commencing the process of website design for e-commerce application. Methology The thesis needs a research methodology for gathering the requirements for the proposed study. A suitable research methodology has to be chosen and implemented to perform system analysis, by employing the system analysis method, towards complete understanding of existing system, which is considered to be the basis for analysis for the study over the website design aspects for the e-commerce applications. This section discusses the research methods followed for the study of the system. The three basic research paradigms are interpretivism, positivism and critical science. The research is basically done in two methods, called qualitative research and quantitative research (Denzin Lincoln, 2014). Qualitative Research The objective of the qualitative research is to explore the behaviour, thought processes, attitudes and experiences, from the focus groups, by conducting the interviews. As the quality is the key point here, it attempts to obtain the opinion of the focus groups, in-depth, fewer participants are considered for this research and lasts longer. There are many methodologies that exist under the umbrella of this qualitative research. Qualitative research is one kind of scientific research that investigates to, Seek and obtain answers to the pre-defined questions Using the procedures that are predefined, systematically to answer the posed questions Collecting the evidences Producing findings, which are new and not determined before Producing findings, which are applicable, beyond the study boundaries In addition to the above characteristics, qualitative research also seeks to understand the research problem or analysis from the local population perspective. The qualitative research is more effective to obtain the information that is specific to the cultural aspects, opinions, values, social contexts, behaviour of particular targeted population. Data can be collected from the participants of the focus groups in many ways. Interactive interviewing, where the participants are asked to describe their phenomenon and experience, verbally Observations, where descriptive observation is attempted to observe the behaviour of both verbal and non-verbal Written descriptions, where the participants are asked to write and describe their experience of phenomenon The data is collected is analysed and it becomes a guide to conclude with the decisions . Quantitative Research Qualitative research is conducted by conducting questionnaires and surveys. These methods can be conducted through email, posts, online, over the telephone, or simply by pen down (Denzin Lincoln, 2014). Survey questions are usually considered carefully, to provide meaningful data from the results obtained. Quantitative research has the aim to classify the features and count the features and then statistical models can be obtained during an attempt of description and observation. Here, the focus is objective and the researcher has a clear idea of what he or she will be obtaining, from the results. This research is preferred to be conducted at later phases of the analysis research projects. This involves consideration and design of all aspects before the collection of the data. The research obtains the numerical data that is collected through various research tools, like equipment and questionnaires. This numerical data is collected in the form of statistics and numbers. Finally, the qualitative research method achieves the objective by seeking precise measurement and target concepts analysis, such as the results of questionnaires, surveys, etc. It is more effective as it can help to test hypotheses, however, there is a danger and possibility of missing the contextual detail. Researchers , in this method, remains isolated objectively from the subject matter. Chosen Methodology The research conducted for the study and analysis and design of e-commerce website, is conducted by combining both the methods, qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research is conducted by studying various case studies, which help to learn the direct opinions and experiences of the management of the e-commerce companies that have evolved and stabilised over a period of time, by now. This research is conducted by considering the two case studies for e-commerce applications, ASDA, a part of Wal-Mart and Tesco, which is a major online retailer in the UK. These studies have revealed how the initial design aspects were taken into consideration and how these design aspects have been transitioned towards the objective of increasing online sales, through e-commerce applications. Quantitative research method is developed and followed, by exploring and studying the online resources, specifically, the peer reviews, about the design aspects to be considered for the e-commerce websites, based on their analyses of the existing e-commerce websites and applications. These analyses are analysed through quantitative research method and the overall analysis is made and presented in this research project. References Abdou, Hussein, English, John Adewunmi, Paul(2014). An investigation of risk management practices in electronic banking: the case of the UK bankshud.ac.uk, University of Huddersfield Adams, Barry (2012).Geotargeting Based on IP Address is Broken Ahmed, Iqbal, S. (2009).GSI Commerce to buy Retail Convergence for $180 mln. Reuters. 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